Cardio Flashcards
(25 cards)
Causes chest pain
Cardiac:
- angina
- MI
- pericarditis
- aortic dissection
Non cardiac causes chest pain
Resp:
- pleurisy
- PE
- pneumothorax
GI:
- GORD
- oesophagitis
MSK:
- strain/trauma/costochondritis
Arterial pulse signs
- Plateau
- Small volume
- Bisferiens
- Anacrotic
- Pulsus alternans
- Pulsus paradoxus
- Plateau - AS
- Small volume - AS, shock
- Bisferiens - AS, AR
- Anacrotic - AS
- Pulsus alternans - LVF
- Pulsus paradoxus - Pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis, severe asthma
Causes of ↑JVP
- RVF
- Pulmonary HTN
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Tricuspid stenosis
- SVC obstruction
Causes of AF
- IHD
- HTN
- Mitral stenosis
- Idiopathic
- cardiomyopathy
- hyperthyroidism
Causes of cor pulmonale
- COPD
- idiopathic
- massive PE
- OSA
- 1º pulmonary HTN
Causes right HF
- 2º to left HF
- MI
- PS, TS, TR
- 1º pulmonary HTN
- 2º pulmonary HTN (COPD)
Causes left HF
- IHD
- HTN
- MI
- AS, AR, MR
Causes of bradycardia
- athletes
- β-blockers
- hypothyroidism
- heart block
- hypothermia
Causes of tachycardia
- pain
- fever
- anxiety
- thyrotoxicosis
- β2-agonist
- hypovolaemia
- arrhythmia
Causes of ↑D-Dimer
- DVT
- MI
- recent surgery
- liver disease
- renal disease
- malignancy
Causes generalised (bilateral) peripheral oedema
Fluid overload:
- HF, renal failure, iatrogenic
Hypoproteinaemia:
- malnutrition
- malabsorption
- chronic liver disease
- nephrotic syndrome
Drugs:
- CCB
Causes localised (unilateral) peripheral oedema
Obstruction - pelvic tumour, DVT
Infection - cellulitis
Postural - prolonged standing
Ruptured baker’s cyst
Causes pericarditis
Infarction - MI
Iatrogenic - cardiac surgery
Inflammation - SLE, Rheumatoid disease
Infection: coxsackie, bacterial
Causes central cyanosis
Resp:
- acute severe asthma
- COPD
- pulmonary oedema
- PE
Cardiac: R→L shunt
Blood: methaemoglobulinaemia, polycythaemia
Causes of peripheral cyanosis
as central +
- Vasoconstriction: cold, reynaud’s, β-blockers
- Poor circulation: HF
- Blockage: arterial obstruction
Features of aortic stenosis
- harsh crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur
- loudest in aortic area
- radiates carotids
- sustained, heaving, minimally displaced apex beat
- slow rising pulse
Features of mitral regurgitation
- pansystolic murmur
- radiates to axilla
- displaced, thrusting apex beat
- soft S1
Features of aortic regurgitation
- early diastolic murmur
- at LSE with inspiration
- displaced, thrusting apex beat
- collapsing pulse
- wide pulse pressure
- postal shot noise over femoral
Features of mitral stenosis
- mid diastolic murmur
- tapping apex beat
- loud S1
Causes of right axis deviation
RVH: cor pulmonale, pulmonary stenosis
Left posterior fascicular block: cardiomyopathy, diffuse infarction/ischaemia
Left lateral infarction
Causes of left axis deviation
Left anterior fascicular block: LAD ischaemia/infarction, cardiomyopathy
R-sided infarction
LVH
ECG changes in hyperkalaemia
- tall tented T waves
- widened QRS
- absent P waves
- sine wave
ECG changes in hypokalaemia
- flattened T waves
