Cardio - Blood

Question 1

Functions of the Blood

Answer 1

Transportation, Defense, Distribution of Heat, Maintenance of Homeostasis

Question 2

What is involved in transportation?

Answer 2

delivery of oxygen and nutrients to and removal of wastes from the body

Question 3

What is involved in defense?

Answer 3

Blood contains WBC which protects the body from external threats and platelets and other clotting factors that prevent blood loss.

Question 4

What is involved in the distribution of heat?

Answer 4

diversion of blood to deep or superficial blood vessels to maintain core body temperature

Question 5

pH of blood

Answer 5

venous blood: 7.4-7.35

arterial blood: 7.45

Question 6

The function of Plasma proteins

Answer 6

synthesized in the liver; maintain normal blood circulation

Question 7

Types of Plasma Proteins

Answer 7

Albumins (maintain osmotic balance of blood)
Globulins (antibodies; essential to immune mechanism)
Fibrogen (key role in blood clotting)

Question 8

Composition of Blood Plasma

Answer 8

92% water; 10% other solutes

Question 9

Components of Plasma

Answer 9

Water, proteins, regulatory substances, Ions, Nutrients, waste products, gases

Question 10

Composition of Formed Elements

Answer 10

Cells, cellular elements, hematocrit, buffy coat

Question 11

In utero hematopoesis

Answer 11

takes place in yolk sac of embryo, liver, speen, lymphatic tissue, red bone marrow

Question 12

after birth hematopoesis

Answer 12

red marrow within spong bone

Question 13

hematopoesis in children

Answer 13

can occur in medullary cavity of long bones

Question 14

hematopoesis in adults

Answer 14

can occur in cranial and pelvic bones, vertebrae, sternum, epiphyses of femur and humerus

Question 15

Hematopoietic growth factors

Answer 15

erythropoietin (RBC)
Thrombopoietin (platelets)
Cytokines

Question 16

Erythropoietin

Answer 16

a hormone produced by kidneys to stimulate RBC production, often in response to low O2 levels

Question 17

Thrombopoietin

Answer 17

a hormone produced by liver and kidneys to stimulate development of megakaryocytes into platelets

Question 18

Cytokines

Answer 18

autocrine and paracine factors secreted by a wide variety of cells and act on a cell to have an effect

Question 19

Primary functions of erythrocytes(RBC)

Answer 19

• transport inhaled oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues
• transport CO2 waste from tissues to the lungs for exhalation

Question 20

Polycythemia

Answer 20

When blood has a higher % of RBC which leads to increase work for the heart to circulate blood

Question 21

Anemia

Answer 21

when blood has lower % of RBC which leads to reduced O2 transportation from lungs to tissue

Question 22

Reticulocyte

Answer 22

immature RBCs released with remnants of organelles which are quickly shed as mature

Question 23

Mature RBCs

Answer 23

• no nucleus, ribosomes, ER, mitochondria, or other organelles
• contains 200-300 million hemoglobin
• biconcave disks(donuts)

Question 24

The purpose for Biconcave shape of RBCs

Answer 24

allows folding to enable passage through capillaries.

Question 25

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 25

bright red, forms when O2 binds to iron and O2 in lung capillaries

Question 26

Deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 26

is darker red, forms when O2 dissociates from iron in Hb in tissue capillaries

Question 27

Carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 27

has no effect on the colour, forms when CO2 binds to amino acids in HB in tissue capillaries

Question 28

Rate of RBC production

Answer 28

2 million per second

Question 29

Location of RBC production

Answer 29

redbone marrow

Question 30

What stimulates RBC production

Answer 30

Erythropoietin(EPO) hormone

Question 31

Granular leukocytes

Answer 31

contain abundant granular within the cytoplasm; produced in red bone marrow

Question 32

Neutrophils

Answer 32

contain lysozyme and other enzymes for rapid phagocytosis of bacteria; rapid responders to site of infection

Question 33

Eosinophils

Answer 33

contain antihistamine; effective phagocytes in presence of antigen-antibody complexes

Question 34

Basophils

Answer 34

contain histamines and heparin; intensifies inflammatory response

Question 35

Why do WBCs leave blood vessels

Answer 35

move to perform their defensive functions in the body's tissues

Question 36

WBCs defensive functions

Answer 36

respond to chemical attractants released by pathogens and chemical signals from nearby injured cells

Question 37

Functions of thrombocytes (platelets)

Answer 37

critical to hemostasis; secrete a variety of growth factors essential for growth and repair of tissue, particularly connective tissue

Question 38

Lifespan of Platelets

Answer 38

10 days

Question 39

WBC stimulated by...

Answer 39

thrombopoietin from the kidneys and liver

Question 40

Hemostasis is caused by

Answer 40

- blood vessel wall is severed, punctured, or damaged - vascular spasm - formation of the platelet plug - coagulation

Question 41

Vascular spasm

Answer 41

smooth muscles in blood vessel wall contract: circular layers constrict blood flow while longitudinal layers retract into surrounding tissue

Question 42

Formation of a platelet plug

Answer 42

platelets near damaged vessel clump together, become spiked and sticky, bind to exposed collagen endothelium

Question 43

Coagulation

Answer 43

cascade of events produce a fibrin clot to trap platelets and blood cells

Question 44

Coagulation extrinsic pathway

Answer 44

quicker and more direct; external trauma to blood vessel causes damaged extravascular cells to release factor III upon contact with blood plasma

Question 45

Coagulation intrinsic pathway

Answer 45

less direct and slower; internal damage to blood vessel wall: foreign materials activate XII upon contact

Question 46

Coagulation common pathway

Answer 46

leads to the activation of factor X; leads to the production of fibrin mesh to seal the blood vessel

Question 47

What dissolves clots?

Answer 47

Fibrinolysis

Question 48

Plasminogen

Answer 48

Inactive plasma protein produced by the liver; activated by chemicals released from damaged cells

Question 49

Plasmin

Answer 49

active form of plasminogen; enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fibrin strands, dissolving the clot slowly