Cardio -embryology needed

Question 1

How many litres of blood

Answer 1

5

Question 2

Haematocrit

Answer 2

Volume of RBC

Question 3

Normal haematocrit

Answer 3

0.45

Question 4

Haemopoiesis

Answer 4

Blood cell production

Question 5

RBC lifetime

Answer 5

120 days

Question 6

Platelet lifetime

Answer 6

7 to 10 days

Question 7

WBC lifetime

Answer 7

6 hrs

Question 8

Precursor RBC cells in utero

Answer 8

Yolk sac then liver and spleen

Question 9

hormonal stimulation of precursor stem cells

Answer 9

erythropoietin RBC
GCSF WBC
Tpo platelets

Question 10

reticulocyte

Answer 10

young RBC

membrane enclosing haemoglobin, enzymes of glucolysis, haemoglobin

Question 11

normal haemoglobin

Answer 11

12.5 to 15.5 g/dl

Question 12

high haemoglobin

Answer 12

polycthaemia

Question 13

iron deficiency anaemia

Answer 13

low haemoglobin and MCV <80 fl

Question 14

macrocytic anaemia

Answer 14

large RBC, Vitamin B12 deficiency, stomach damaged so inadequate intrinsic factor for absorption

Question 15

pernicious anaemia

Answer 15

autoimmunity to gastric parietal crlls

Question 16

neutrophils

Answer 16

10 hour lifespan, phagocytosis, chemotaxin and cytokine release

Question 17

CD4 cells

Answer 17

T helper

Question 18

CD8 cells

Answer 18

T cytotoxic cells

Question 19

platelets

Answer 19

megakaryocytes, 5 to 10 day lifespan,

Question 20

thrombocytopaenia

Answer 20

reduced platelets

Question 21

thrombocytosis

Answer 21

high platelets

Question 22

coagulation proteins

Answer 22

thrombin, vitamin k synthesises 1972

Question 23

albumin

Answer 23

carrier and maintains oncotic pressure

Question 24

immunoglobulins

Answer 24

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE

Question 25

haemostasis

Answer 25

coagulation cascade thrombrin and fibrin platelets

Question 26

haemophilia A

Answer 26

deficiency in clotting factor 8

Question 27

haemophilia B

Answer 27

deficiency in clotting factor 9

Question 28

acquired bleeding disorder

Answer 28

medication, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency

Question 29

vitamin K

Answer 29

1972 coagulation factor synthesis, fat soluble, anticoagulants inhibit vitamin K eg warfarin

Question 30

platelet plug

Answer 30

platelet dense granules released when platelets bind to collagen, platelet amplification with ATP, thrombin binds to PAR1 and PAR4 receptors to activate platelets, platelets change shape, increased expression of glycoprotein, increased glycoprotein receptro expression which bind to fibrinogen to stimulate aggregation, thromboxane A2 released to further stimulate

Question 31

intrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade

Answer 31

factor 12 activat3d by collagen, factor XI activated, factor IX activated, factor X activated and converts prothrombin to thrombin which converte fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 32

extrinsic pathway

Answer 32

tissue factors binds to factor VII and activates it, factor X and IX activated, thrombrin production

Question 33

liver and coagulation

Answer 33

bile salts needed for absorption of vitamin K

Question 34

fibrinolytic system

Answer 34

plasminogen converted to plasmin

Question 35

Cardiac muscle

Answer 35

striated intercalated discs desmosomes

Question 36

a band

Answer 36

overlapping thick and thin fillaments

Question 37

I band

Answer 37

thin fillaments

Question 38

z lines

Answer 38

one sacromere

Question 39

h zone

Answer 39

thick fillaments

Question 40

M line

Answer 40

middle of H zone, myosin

Question 41

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 41

releases Ca2+ when it binds to its ryanodine receptor

Question 42

coronary arteries exit via

Answer 42

behind aortic valve cusps, drain into coronary sinus and into right atrium

Question 43

pacemaker potential

Answer 43

K+ permeability, F type channels and Na+, T type Ca2+ channels, L type Ca2+

Question 44

parasympathetic innervation of heart

Answer 44

vagus. erve, acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors, decreases everything

Question 45

sympathetic innervation of heart

Answer 45

postganglionic fibres, adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 46

endothelin 1

Answer 46

results in vasoconstriction

Question 47

arteries

Answer 47

intima adventitia showing mainly collagenous comnective tissue elastic laminae

Question 48

arterioles

Answer 48

media and adventitia, poorly defined elastic laminae

Question 49

endothelium

Answer 49

some fenestrated, single layer

Question 50

capillaries

Answer 50

pericytes endothelial cells bound to membrane

Question 51

veins

Answer 51

internal elastic lamina, some have skeletal muscle