Cardio Exam 1 Flashcards
(44 cards)
What are hormones that affect the heart?
Epi/Norepinephrine, Aldosterone, Atrial natriuretic peptide.
What is the function of epinephrine/norepinephrine on the heart?
Increases HR, force of contraction, cardiac output, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and dilates coronary vessels.
What is the function of aldosterone on the heart?
Regulates sodium and potassium and raises blood pressure by increased Na+ and water reabsorption.
What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the heart?
Increases excretion of Na+ by inhibiting secretion of aldosterone and loss of Na+ accompanied by loss which decreases blood volume and therefore decreases BP.
What are the layers of the heart?
Fibrous pericardium (outermost), parietal pericardium (middle), and visceral pericardium or epicardium (innermost).
Where is fluid located in the layers of the heart?
Between the parietal and visceral layer. (Filled with serous fluid)
What is the order in which blood flows throughout the body?
Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, lungs (when oxygen/CO2 trans occurs), pulmonary VEIN, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve.
What valves are open/closed when the atria contracts?
AV open, Semilunar closed.
What valves are open/closed when the ventricles contracts?
AV closed, semilunar open.
How do you calculate cardiac output?
SV x HR
True or false, cardiac output can be effected by epinephrine?
True
What does an ejection fraction >70% indicate?
High function. (Few people will have this high.)
What does an ejection fraction of 55-70% indicate?
Normal function
What does an ejection fraction 40-55% of indicate?
Low function
What does an ejection fraction <40% indicate?
Possible heart failure
What is the conduction system pathway?
Sinoatrial node (pacemaker), internodal pathway, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his), bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
What is the function of arteries and arterioles in the vascular system?
To carry blood from the heart to capillaries. They have 3 layers.
What is the function of capillaries in the vascular system?
Carry blood from arterioles to venules. Continuation of the lining of the arteries and veins. One cell thick to permit exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products. (Last point is very important)
What is the function of veins and venules in the vascular system?
Carry blood from capillaries to heart. Endothelium folds into valves to prevent back flow of blood.
What effects does aging have on the cardiovascular system?
Aging of blood vessels (begin on childhood), atherosclerosis, thickening valves leading to heart murmur, risk for orthostatic hypotension, vein valves become incompetent, decreased HR, resting BP increase, conduction of cells is less effective.
What does WHATS UP stand for?
Where is your pain? How does it feel? Aggravating/alleviating factors? Timing (how long it lasts, frequency)? Severity? Useful data for associated symptoms? Perception of your problem?
Nursing inspection assessments for heart issues?
Inspect for SOB, cyanosis, edema, leg discoloration, JVD, capillary refill. Any visible pulsations or exaggerated lifts?
Where can you palpate a pulse?
Carotid, radial, dorsalis pedis, femoral, popliteal.
What do you do if the pulse is abnormal?
Auscultate an apical pulse for one full minute.
