cardio exam 3 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
what are the main functions of the cardiovascular system
A
transport (nutrients, waste), communication of hormones, immunity, coagulation, mechanism of transport (bulk flow vs. diffusion)
2
Q
Sympathetic Innervation
A
Stimulates the heart
3
Q
Beta 1 adrenergic receptors
A
Respond to Norepi
4
Q
Parasympathetic innervation
A
inhibits the heart
5
Q
Muscarinic receptors
A
Respond to acetylcholine, slow the heart down at the SA node
6
Q
Depolarization
A
Electrical activation of the heart
7
Q
Repolarization
A
Deactivation of electrical activity in the heart
8
Q
What pathway does the heart contraction occur
A
SA NODE»BUNDLE OF HIS»R&L BUNDLE BRANCH»PURJUNKE FIBERS
9
Q
what does the P wave represent
A
depolarization of the atria
10
Q
what does the QRS complex represent
A
ventricular depolarization
11
Q
what does the T wave represent
A
ventricular repolarization
12
Q
Bulk flow (cardiac cycle)
A
blood flow moves from high to low pressure
13
Q
Systole
A
Isovolumetric contraction and ventricular ejection
14
Q
Diastole
A
Isovolumetric relaxation and filling
15
Q
Cardiac Output (CO)
A
volume pumped by each ventricle per minute
SVxHR
16
Q
MAP
A
COxTPR
17
Q
EDV (end diastolic volume)
A
Preload=venous return
stiffness of the ventricle
18
Q
Starling forces
A
govern filtration of arterial side and reabsorption on venous side
hydrostatic push out, osmotic pulls in
19
Q
ESV (end systolic volume)
A
afterload, contractility
EF
20
Q
EF
A
SVxEDV
21
Q
Arteries
A
low resistance vessels that serve as conduit for blood flow. High compliance, easily stretched
22
Q
Arterioles
A
Main vessels that regulate B/P. regulates blood flow and distribution by changing the radius
23
Q
Intrinsic Control
A
Local
active hyperemia, flow autoregulation, response to injury
24
Q
Extrinsic control
A
Systemic
ANS, hormones
25
Epinephrine
catecholamine, vasoconstrictor to blood vessels, vasodilates skeletal muscle
26
Angiotensin II/ ADH
vasodilator
27
ANP
vasodilator
28
Prostacyclin
vasodilator
29
EDRF
nitric oxide. vasodilator
30
Capillaries
leaky think walled vessels with cross sectional area that allows for passage of blood that facilitates transport and exchange
important to fluid balance and regulation
31
Edema
Accumulation of excess fluid in interstitial spaces
32
Edema r/t heart failure
increased hydrostatic pressure d/t fluid accumulation and build up
33
Increased hydrostatic pressure
increased arterial/venous pressure or arterial dilation
34
Decreased osmotic pressure
decreased plasma proteins or increased permeability to proteins
35
Edema r/t obstruction
lymph failure or back up preventing recovery of tissue
36
Veins
low resistance blood conduits that return blood to the heart and help maintain B/P to ensure proper venous return
37
Sympathetic stimulation of veins does what?
contracts smooth muscle to raise venous pressure
38
What does the skeletal muscle pump do?
contracts muscle to constrict veins and venous venous pressure
39
what does the respiratory pump do for blood flow?
The thoracic cavity expands during inspiration causing a reduction in pressure, which helps generate a pressure gradient to drive blood return to the heart
40
Digitalis
increases the force of contraction
| inhibits Na-K-ATPase to increase sodium exchange w/ calcium, causing increase calcium intracellularly
41
Nitro
vasodilator. increases nitric oxide, relaxes blood vessels to reduce cardiac workload and decrease oxygen demand
42
Calcium channel blockers
Vasodilator, restricts the amount of calcium entering cardiac and smooth muscle cells by blocking voltage gated calcium channels
43
Beta-adrenergic antagonists
reduces contractility and heart rate, decreases myocardial oxygen demand, increases ventricular filling by relaxing obstructing muscle and increases cardiac output
44
ACE inhibitors
reduce afterload w/ vasodilation
45
Diuretics
decrease fluid retention
46
Lipoprotiens
represent the lipid and the associated protein capsule
47
Chylomicrons
80-90% triglycerides, 10%proteins
48
VLDL
55% triglycerides, 10% cholesterol, 1-% proteins
49
LDL
"bad cholesterol"
| 10% triglyceride, 50% cholesterol, 25% protein
50
HDL
"good cholesterol"
| 5% triglycerides, 20% cholesterol, 50% proteins
51
Where are lipoproteins synthesized?
small intestine and liver
52
Where are chylomicrons synthesized?
small intestine
53
Where are VLDL and HDL synthesized and released?
Liver
54
What is the main carrier of cholesterol?
LDL
55
Which type of cholesterol participates in reverse transport of cholesterol?
HDL. it brings it from tissues to the liver
56
Aneurysm
Change in dilation of blood vessel wall that can lead to rupture and bleeding
57
True aneurysm
Bounded by complete vessel wall, all the blood remains inside that compartment
58
False aneurysm
localized, dissection/tear of blood vessel wall that causes an intravascular hematoma
59
Berry aneurysm
small spherical dilation of vessel at bifurcation point (splits in 2)
60
Fusiform aneurysm
involves entire circumference of the vessel, gradual and progressive dilation
61
dissecting aneurysm
false; results in tear in tunica intima, blood enters vessel wall forming a blood pocket
62
PAD
presence of systemic atherosclerosis that's distal to the aortic arch causing gradual vessel occlusion
63
what are the symptoms of PAD
pain at rest, damage and ulceration to blood vessels, can lead to gangrene
64
Thromboangiitis obliterans/ Beurgers disease
vasculitis that affects medium sized arteries . Typically in men 25-40 who smoke
65
what are the symptoms of Beurgers disease?
pain, impaired circulation, sensitivity to cold, gangrene
66
Raynauds
intensive vasospasm of arterioles and arteries
67
what is MAP governed by
regulated variable governed by feedback inhibition
68
where are baroreceptors located
carotid sinus, aortic arch
69
Where are afferent pathways located
carotid sinus nerve, aortic depressor nerve
| feed into integrating system of brainstem
70
Where are efferent pathways located
vagus nerve, sympathetic nerves
71
Short term regulation is related to:
baroreceptor reflux, feedback inhibition
72
Long term regulation is related to:
blood volume
73
Hypertension
elevation of B/P or MAP
74
Primary HTN
chronic without evidence of disease
75
Secondary HTN
d/t disease that increases CO or TPR
| adrenal tumor that releases catecholamines or increased stress/aldosteron
76
How do beta-adrenergic blockers help with HTN?
promote vasodilation
77
How do calcium channel blockers help with HTN?
promote vasodilation
78
How do ACE inhibitors help with HTN?
block vasoconstricting angiotensin II
79
Acute Pericarditis
inflammatory response results in exudate accumulation around the heart
80
Restrictive/ Constrictive pericarditis
formation of scar tissue between pericardial layers
81
Pericardial effusion
fluid accumulation in pericardial sac
82
Cardiac tamponade
accumulation of exudates under pressure in the percardial sac causing compression of the heart
83
Ischemia
lack of blood flow that indicates lack of oxygen availability
84
Injury
ischemia that can compromise/lead to cell injury or death
85
Infarct
death of myocardial cells
86
CAD
narrowing of coronary arteries d/t atherosclerosis process causing decreased heart blood flow
87
what can CAD lead to?
loss of nutrients and oxygen that can lead to hypoxia and anaerobic respiration
88
what can anaerobic respiration in cardiac cells cause?
lactic acid build up that causes chest pain and impairment of LVF
89
ACS is caused by what?
initiated by rupture of plaques in unstable lipid-rich environment. platelets stick to site causing fibrin clots to form and thrombin is activated
90
Dilated cardiomyopathy
dilation of the heart chambers that impairs the function of the heart as a pump
91
What does dilated cardiomyopathy cause?
impairment of the ventricles ability to pump during systole causes hypertrophy and eventually heart failure
92
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
hypertrophy of muscle mass that can lead to obstruction of blood filling
often young athletes
93
what are the consequences of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
irregular heart beats, increased metabolic demand, possible obstruction, death
94
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
involves extremely rigid ventricular walls that restrict blood filling but spare contractility properties of the muscle
95
What are the consequences of restrictive cardiomyopathy
reduced preload and EDV, back up of blood flow leads to CHF
96
What are the causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
primary- endocarditis
| secondary- amyloidosis, sarcoidosis
97
Endocarditis
infection of the endocardium, heart valves, cardiac prosthesis
98
Who is at risk for endocarditis?
IV drug users, those with prosthetic valves, history of rhematic heart disease
99
what is the pathophysiology of endocarditis?
Bacteremia causes fibrin and platelets to aggregate on valve tissue leading to ulceration of valves
100
cardiac stenosis
narrowing of valve opening, leading to greater resistance of blood flow
101
cardiac insufficiency
failure of valve to close completely resulting in regurgitation
