Cardio FA

Question 1

Truncus arteriosus

Answer 1

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 2

Bulbus cordis

Answer 2

Smooth parts (outflow tract) of L and R ventricles

Question 3

Endocardial cushion

Answer 3

Atrial septum, membranous IV septum; AV and semilunar valves

Question 4

Primitive atrium

Answer 4

Trabeculated part of L and R atria

Question 5

Primitive ventricle

Answer 5

Trabeculated part of L and R ventricles

Question 6

Primitive pulmonary vein

Answer 6

Smooth part of LA

Question 7

Left horn of sinus venosus

Answer 7

Coronary sinus

Question 8

Right horn of sinus venosus

Answer 8

Smooth part of right atrium

Question 9

Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

Answer 9

SVC

Question 10

Week that heart beats on its own

Answer 10

4

Question 11

What are paradoxical emboli?

Answer 11

Venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation (L–>R shunt)

Question 12

What forms the membranous IV septum?

Answer 12

Aorticopulmonary septum

Question 13

Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure of neural crest cells to migrate?

Answer 13

Transposition of the great vessels, Tetralogy of Fallot, persistent truncus arteriosus

Question 14

Oxygen content of fetal circulation?

Answer 14

Veins are going towards the heart and are oxygenated via the placenta. Arteries are going away from the heart and are deoxygenated.

Question 15

Ductus venosus?

Answer 15

Takes fetal oxygenated blood from the placenta to the IVC, bypassing the hepatic circulation

Question 16

Foramen ovale?

Answer 16

Blood goes from RA to LA bypassing the lungs

Question 17

Ductus arteriosus?

Answer 17

Blood goes from pulmonary artery to aorta

Question 18

Determinant of blood flow in fetus?

Answer 18

Pressure difference between heart chambers and decreased prostaglandins from placental separation

Question 19

Indomethacin

Answer 19

Helps close patent ductus arteriosus (should be ligamentum arteriosus)

Question 20

Right marginal artery supplies…?

Answer 20

Right ventricle

Question 21

Posterior descending artery supplies…?

Answer 21

Posterior 1/3 of IV septum, posterior walls of ventricles, and posteriomedial papillary muscle.

Question 22

Right dominant circulation

Answer 22

PDA comes off RCA (most common)

Question 23

Left dominant circulation

Answer 23

PDA comes off left circumflex artery

Question 24

Codominant circulation

Answer 24

PDA from LCX and RCA

Question 25

Right coronary artery supplies...?

Answer 25

SA and AV nodes

Question 26

When does coronary blood flow peak?

Answer 26

Early diastole

Question 27

What is the most common site of coronary artery occlusion?

Answer 27

LAD

Question 28

Which part of the heart is the most posterior and can lead to esophageal or recurrent laryngeal nerve impingement?

Answer 28

Left atrium --> presents as dysphagia or hoarseness

Question 29

What are the layers of the pericardium?

Answer 29

Fibrous pericardium Parietal layer of serous pericardium (Pericardial cavity) Visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 30

Left circumflex artery supplies?

Answer 30

Lateral and posterior walls of LV, anterolateral papillary muscle

Question 31

Left anterior descending artery supplies...?

Answer 31

Anterior 2/3 of IV septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, anterior surface of LV

Question 32

Cardiac output formula?

Answer 32

CO = SV x HR

Question 33

Fick principle?

Answer 33

CO = Rate of O2 consumption/ (arterial O2 - venous O2)

Question 34

MAP formulas?

Answer 34

``` MAP = CO x TPR (total peripheral resistance) MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure ```

Question 35

Pulse pressure?

Answer 35

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure Proportional to SV, inversely proportional to arterial compliance

Question 36

Stroke volume formula?

Answer 36

EDV - ESV

Question 37

What maintains CO during early exercise?

Answer 37

Increased HR and increased SV

Question 38

What maintains CO during late exercise

Answer 38

Increased HR only

Question 39

Why does increased HR eventually reduce CO?

Answer 39

Diastole is preferentially shortened, allowing less filling time.

Question 40

What conditions increase pulse pressure?

Answer 40

Hyperthyroidism, aortic regurgitation, aortic stiffening, obstructive sleep apnea (raise sympathetic tone), and exercise

Question 41

What conditions decrease pulse pressure?

Answer 41

Aortic stenosis, cardiogenic shock, cardiac tamponade, advanced heart failure.