Cardio/Resp/Diabetic Medications Flashcards
(25 cards)
ACE inhibitors
Enalapril, lisinopril
MoA- block angio 1 to angio II conversion, leading to vasodilation and dec BP
s/e brady, hypotension, fatigue (bronchoconstriction in asthma pts)
Beta Blockers
Metoprolol, Atenolol, Carvedilol
MoA- block beta adrenergic receptors, reduce HR, BP and contractility
S/e Brady, hypotension, fatigue, asthmatic bronchoconstriction
ARBs
Losartan, Valsartan, Olmesartan
MoA- block angiotensin II receptors causing vasodilation
s/e hypotension, dizziness, hyperkalemia
CCBs
Amlodipine, diltiazem, verapamil
MoA- block Ca influx causing vasodilation and reduced heart contractility
s/e periph edema (amlo) constipation (verapamil) bradycardia (diltiazem)
Diuretics
HCTZ, Furosemide (loop) spironolactone (k+ sparing)
MoA_ lowers fluid volume leading to plasma volume decrease
s/e hypokalemia (Lasix) inc urination, dehydration, hyperkalemai (spirono)
Statins
atorva, simva,
MoA- lowers cholesterol synthesis by hmg-coa reductase inhibition
s/e myopathy, rhabdo, elevated LFTs
Fibrates
gemfibrozil, fenofibrate
MoA- inc fatty acidoxidation, decrease triglycerides
Antiplatelets
ASA, plavix
Inhibit platelet aggregation
Anticoagulants
Warfarin, apixaban, heparin
Interfere with coagulation cascade to preven thrombi
Rapid-Acting Insulin
Insulin lispro (Humalog), Insulin aspart (Novolog), Insulin glulisine (Apidra)
Onset: 10–30 minutes
Peak: 30–90 minutes
Duration: 3–5 hour
Short-Acting Insulin
Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)
Onset: 30–60 minutes
Peak: 2–4 hours
Duration: 5–8 hours
Intermediate-Acting Insulin
NPH insulin (Humulin N, Novolin N)
Onset: 1–2 hours
Peak: 4–12 hours
Duration: 12–18 hours
Long-Acting Insulin
Insulin glargine (Lantus, Basaglar, Toujeo), Insulin detemir (Levemir)
Onset: 1–2 hours
Peak: Minimal to no peak
Duration: Up to 24 hours (Toujeo up to 36 hours)
Biguanides
Metformin
Mechanism: Reduces hepatic glucose production, increases insulin sensitivity.
Peak: 2-3 hours
Side Effects: GI upset, metabolic acidosis (rare)
Sulfonylureas
(Glipizide, Glyburide)
Mechanism: Stimulate pancreas to release insulin.
Peak: 1-3 hours
Duration: 10-24 hours (depending on the agent)
Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain.
DPP-4 Inhibitors
(Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin)
Mechanism: Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, increasing incretin levels, which enhance insulin secretion.
Peak: 1-4 hours
Duration: 24 hours
Side Effects: Rare but includes nasopharyngitis, headaches.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
(Liraglutide, Semaglutide)
Mechanism: Increase insulin secretion in response to meals, decrease glucagon secretion, delay gastric emptying.
Peak: 6-12 hours (depending on agent)
Duration: 24 hours (except semaglutide, which is once-weekly)
Side Effects: GI upset, weight loss.
SGLT2 Inhibitors
(Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin)
Mechanism: Inhibit SGLT2 in kidneys, reducing glucose reabsorption.
Peak: 1-2 hours
Duration: 24 hours
Side Effects: UTI, dehydration, genital fungal infections.
Thiazolidinediones
(Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone)
Mechanism: Improve insulin sensitivity by activating PPAR-gamma.
Peak: 2 hours
Duration: 24 hours
Side Effects: Weight gain, fluid retention, increased risk of heart failure.
Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS)
Fluticasone, Budesonide, Beclometasone
Mechanism: Reduce inflammation and swelling in the airways.
Peak: 1-2 hours
Duration: 12-24 hours
Side Effects: Oral thrush, hoarseness, cough.
Long-Acting Beta Agonists (LABA)
Mechanism: Stimulate beta-2 receptors in the lungs, causing smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.
Common Drugs: Salmeterol, Formoterol, Vilanterol
Peak: 3-5 hours (Salmeterol), 1-3 hours (Formoterol)
Duration: 12-24 hours
Side Effects: Tremors, tachycardia, potential risk of asthma-related death if used alone without ICS.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Common Drugs: Amlodipine, Diltiazem, Verapamil
Mechanism: Block calcium influx into cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced heart contraction
Peak: 1-2 hours (Amlodipine), 30 minutes (Verapamil)
Duration: 12-24 hours
Side Effects: Peripheral edema (Amlodipine), constipation (Verapamil), bradycardia (Diltiazem).
Diuretics
Mechanism: Increase renal excretion of sodium and water, reducing blood volume and pressure.
Hydrochlorothiazide (thiazide), Spironolactone (potassium-sparing)
Peak: 1-2 hours (HCTZ), 1-2 hours (Furosemide)
Duration: 12-24 hours (HCTZ), 6-8 hours (Furosemide)
Side Effects: Hypokalemia (loop and thiazides), hyperkalemia (spironolactone), dehydration.
Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (LAMA)
Mechanism: Block acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, reducing bronchoconstriction.
Common Drugs: Tiotropium, Aclidinium, Umeclidinium
Peak: 1-3 hours (Tiotropium)
Duration: 24 hours
Side Effects: Dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention.
