Cardio-Respiratory (Lec 6) Flashcards
(32 cards)
Why can smaller organisms live without lungs?
diffusion through membranes in contact w/ air
what are adaptations for gas exchange?
Increase surface area - internal and external gills
Bulk flow basics, a combination of:
ventilation
circulation
what the circulatory system for invertebrates
hemaylmph - same as extracellular fluid in organisms (not separate blood system0
arthropods - molliusks, invertebrates
Explain insect respiratory system
trachea - w/ spiracles (valves), air sacs, tracheoles, respiratory gas diffuses through air
Explain fish respiratory system
counter current (water and blood) allows for much greater O2 uptake
Explain human respiratory system
Tidal Gas exchange: air comes in an out through same route
Order: Nose/Mouth, pharynx, trachea, bronchiole, alveoli
branches maximize surface area
thoracic cavity: closed cavity with lungs suspended, bound by diaphram
diaphragm: sheet of muscle the causes expansion of cavity
relaxation of of diaphragm muscle in thoracic cavity: exhale
contraction of diaphragm: inhalation
Explain bird respiratory system
minimal air left after exhalation, different routes for inhale and exhale
multiple sacs within respiratory system allows for higher concentration in lung area, and lower concentration in sacs?
full exhale and full inhale allows for fresh O2, more O2 but also only has O2 in system during inhalation
erythrocytes
blood cell
protein that binds to O2
hemoglobin, myoglobin
which of two proteins has greater O2 affinity
myoglobin (fetal hemoglobin)
Factors that decrease hemoglobin O2 affinity
Fetal hemoglobin: higher affinity than mothers hemoglobin
pH - exercise byproducts (CO2 and lactic acid), raise pH and H+ bind to hemoglobin and decreases O2 affinity
concentration of H+ reflects amount of CO2 in blood
Glycolysis by product: BPG decreases binding affinity - result of sudden exercise or increased altitude
poisons - how they work?
CO - much higher binding affinity than O2
emphysema (smoking) -
reduces elastic quality of the lungs and reduces alveoli surface area
asthma
muscle around bronchioles are hyperexcitable
advantages of closed circulatory system
faster tissue can control blood flow higher pressure specialized cells and molecules for circulatory system supports increased metabolic activity
Explain fish circulatory system
circular loop, two chamber, lower pressure, mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Explain amphibians circulatory system
Three chambered heart
two atrium - one ventricle (partially mixed in ventricle) = high pressure, directily from heart to aorta = high pressure
Explain reptiles circulatory system
can turn respiratory system on and off depending on need, can bypass lungs in circulatory system
Explain birds/mammals circulatory system
four-chamber heart
complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
high pressure
valve for higher pressure
list circulatory route and anatomy of human heart
1) Systemic circuit returns to right atrium through semilunar valve
2) During atriol contraction (and simultaneous ventricular relaxation), the semilunary valves close and tripcuspid valve opens and blood moves to the right ventricle.
3) During ventricular contraction (the tricuspid valve closes, blood travels through a semilunar valve and into the pulmonary circuit where it becomes oxygenated
4) Blood then returns to the left atrium through the semilunar valve
5) atriol contraction blood moves to the left ventricle.
6) left ventricle to systemic circuit
atherosclerosis
artery wall thickens and becomes more stiff due to plaque
coronary artery disease
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
Myocardial infarction
loss of blood supply to the heart, which can lead to dead tissue that cannot be regenerated
pacemaker cell
heartbeat not controlled in brain
specialized cell
less negative resting potential
Na+ channels open at rest
threshold reached, Ca2+ voltage-gated channels-open which cause a rapid action potential
The pacemakers automatic pattern of ions channels opening and closing sets the heartbeat rhythm, that does not involve the brain.
