Cardio-Respiratory (Lec 6)

Question 1

Why can smaller organisms live without lungs?

Answer 1

diffusion through membranes in contact w/ air

Question 2

what are adaptations for gas exchange?

Answer 2

Increase surface area - internal and external gills

Bulk flow basics, a combination of:
ventilation
circulation

Question 3

what the circulatory system for invertebrates

Answer 3

hemaylmph - same as extracellular fluid in organisms (not separate blood system0

arthropods - molliusks, invertebrates

Question 4

Explain insect respiratory system

Answer 4

trachea - w/ spiracles (valves), air sacs, tracheoles, respiratory gas diffuses through air

Question 5

Explain fish respiratory system

Answer 5

counter current (water and blood) allows for much greater O2 uptake

Question 6

Explain human respiratory system

Answer 6

Tidal Gas exchange: air comes in an out through same route
Order: Nose/Mouth, pharynx, trachea, bronchiole, alveoli
branches maximize surface area
thoracic cavity: closed cavity with lungs suspended, bound by diaphram
diaphragm: sheet of muscle the causes expansion of cavity
relaxation of of diaphragm muscle in thoracic cavity: exhale
contraction of diaphragm: inhalation

Question 7

Explain bird respiratory system

Answer 7

minimal air left after exhalation, different routes for inhale and exhale
multiple sacs within respiratory system allows for higher concentration in lung area, and lower concentration in sacs?
full exhale and full inhale allows for fresh O2, more O2 but also only has O2 in system during inhalation

Question 8

erythrocytes

Answer 8

blood cell

Question 9

protein that binds to O2

Answer 9

hemoglobin, myoglobin

Question 10

which of two proteins has greater O2 affinity

Answer 10

myoglobin (fetal hemoglobin)

Question 11

Factors that decrease hemoglobin O2 affinity

Answer 11

Fetal hemoglobin: higher affinity than mothers hemoglobin
pH - exercise byproducts (CO2 and lactic acid), raise pH and H+ bind to hemoglobin and decreases O2 affinity
concentration of H+ reflects amount of CO2 in blood
Glycolysis by product: BPG decreases binding affinity - result of sudden exercise or increased altitude

Question 12

poisons - how they work?

Answer 12

CO - much higher binding affinity than O2

Question 13

emphysema (smoking) -

Answer 13

reduces elastic quality of the lungs and reduces alveoli surface area

Question 14

asthma

Answer 14

muscle around bronchioles are hyperexcitable

Question 15

advantages of closed circulatory system

Answer 15

faster
tissue can control blood flow
higher pressure
specialized cells and molecules for circulatory system
supports increased metabolic activity

Question 16

Explain fish circulatory system

Answer 16

circular loop, two chamber, lower pressure, mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Question 17

Explain amphibians circulatory system

Answer 17

Three chambered heart

two atrium - one ventricle (partially mixed in ventricle) = high pressure, directily from heart to aorta = high pressure

Question 18

Explain reptiles circulatory system

Answer 18

can turn respiratory system on and off depending on need, can bypass lungs in circulatory system

Question 19

Explain birds/mammals circulatory system

Answer 19

four-chamber heart
complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
high pressure
valve for higher pressure

Question 20

list circulatory route and anatomy of human heart

Answer 20

1) Systemic circuit returns to right atrium through semilunar valve
2) During atriol contraction (and simultaneous ventricular relaxation), the semilunary valves close and tripcuspid valve opens and blood moves to the right ventricle.
3) During ventricular contraction (the tricuspid valve closes, blood travels through a semilunar valve and into the pulmonary circuit where it becomes oxygenated
4) Blood then returns to the left atrium through the semilunar valve
5) atriol contraction blood moves to the left ventricle.
6) left ventricle to systemic circuit

Question 21

atherosclerosis

Answer 21

artery wall thickens and becomes more stiff due to plaque

Question 22

coronary artery disease

Answer 22

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries

Question 23

Myocardial infarction

Answer 23

loss of blood supply to the heart, which can lead to dead tissue that cannot be regenerated

Question 24

pacemaker cell

Answer 24

heartbeat not controlled in brain

specialized cell
less negative resting potential
Na+ channels open at rest
threshold reached, Ca2+ voltage-gated channels-open which cause a rapid action potential

The pacemakers automatic pattern of ions channels opening and closing sets the heartbeat rhythm, that does not involve the brain.

Question 25

effect of norepinephrine on heart

Answer 25

increases permeability of K+ channels, increasing heartrate

Question 26

effect of ACh on heart

Answer 26

increases permeability of Ca2+ and Na+ channels, decreasing heartrate

Question 27

SA Node

Answer 27

atrium contracts (first)

Question 28

AV node

Answer 28

slightly delays ventricle contraction (second)

Question 29

Plasma:

Answer 29

water and solutes

functions: buffering, water balance, and cell transport

Question 30

Leukocytes:

Answer 30

white blood cells

function: immune: defends against infection

Question 31

erythrocytes

Answer 31

O2 transport w/ hemoglobin

Question 32

Platelets or thrombocytes

Answer 32

forms blood clots (fibrin precipitation)

platelets rush to injury, cascade of clotting factors, epithelial cells repair