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Sys Path 300 > Cardio Vascular Sytem > Flashcards

Cardio Vascular Sytem Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the difference btw Primary and Secondary Hypertension

A

Primary = idiopathic

Secondary = cause by another pathology; vascular dis., endocrine/adrenal disorders, hyperthyroid,prgranace, cocaine, NSAIDS, birth control pills

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2
Q

Contributing factors of HVD (hypertensive vascular disease)

A
  • abnormal Na+ transport

- Severe prolonged hypertension = accelerates atherosclerosis

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3
Q

Hypertension causes

A
  • increased cardiac output
  • increased peripheral vascular resistance
  • overtime severe HT can damage cardio sys, brain, and kidneys
  • accelerates devel. of atherosclerosis
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4
Q

Dx of Hypertensive Vasc. Disease

A

Spygmomanometer

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5
Q

Tx of HVD

A
  • weight loss
  • aerobic exercise
  • meds: vaso dialators, ACE inhibitors, Ca+ antagonists, diuretics
  • diet - decrease alcohol, fat, caffeine salt
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6
Q

Prognosis (effects) of Hypertensive VD

A
  • the higher BP the more damage, esp. if if affects any organs
  • CAD most common form of death if left untreated
  • ## stroke is common if untreated
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7
Q

Define Hypertension

A

Persist. elevation of Diastolic BP and Systolic BP

Measured on 2 seperate times at least 2 wks apart

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8
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue/purple coloration of skin from low oxygen to the tissues

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9
Q

Phlebitis

A

condition in which the vein becomes inflammed

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10
Q

Raynaud’s

A 
vasomotor disorder
affects fingers except thumbs
Related to Buergers & CT
1* idiopathic
2* related to other diseases/conditions
Dx - 2 yrs symptoms w no other underlying cond.
wmn>
B.V.s constrict - lowers O2, cyanosis, cold - vessels relax, increase Blood, warm/flush
Blue - White - Red
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11
Q

What are the 3 disorders of veins?

A

CVI - chronic vein insufficiency

Varicose Veins

Venous Thrombosis, Thrombophlebitis, Phlebothrombitis

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12
Q

Phlebothrombitis

A

inflam of a vein predisposing person to clot formation

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13
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

partial/complete occlusion of vein by clot with 2* inflam reaction in wall of vein

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14
Q

3rd most common CV disease?

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

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15
Q

Venous Thrombosis (DVT)

A

3rd most common cause of death
caused by smoking, birth control, venous stasis, surgery, genetics

trauma to endothelium of vein initiates clotting factor, platelets adhere to vessel walls and attract fibrin, leukocytes, erythrocytes

thrombus, or embolus (once it breaks free and is floating around)

Dx’d by ultrasound, blood test, s/s

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16
Q

venous stasis

A

slow blood flow, especially in the legs

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17
Q

disorders of small vessels (4)

A

Telangiectasia
Frostbite
Diabetic microangiopathy - retinopathy, neuropathy, nephrropathy
Decompression sickness - type 1 & 2 (severe)

18
Q

Decompression Sickness
“the bends”
cassion disease

A

rapid pressure reduction causes dissolved gases in blood to bubble out (N2) - Henry’s Law - solubility of gas is directly proportionate to the pressure it’s under

bubbles block vessels, rupture tissue,activate clotting cascades.
Tissue with high lipid content are susceptible as N2 absorbs readily in fat - CNS- central nervous system

Type 1 - pain in joints & mm
Type 2 - severe- neurologic and respitory loss, Pulmonary Embolism can occur and be fatal

Dx-O2 chamber - 80% recovery rate

19
Q

Diabetic Microangiopathy

A

Caused by prolonged hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, microvascular disease causes kidney failure, blindness, and neuropathy (peripheral nerve damage).

20
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy

A

most common cause of adult blindness

causes retinal detachment

21
Q

Diabetic Neuropathy

A

nerve ischemia, direct effect of hyperglycemia on neurons

Nerves don’t get enough glucose

22
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy

A

number 1 cause of renal failure

causedby sclerosis and fibrosis in the kidney b/c of hemodynamic changes from Diabetis

23
Q

Telangiectasia

A

“Spider Veins”
cosmetic, on fave and thighs
cause by dilation of sm blood vessels

24
Q

Frostbite

A

0 to -2* BVs close in skin to conserve body heat and shunt blood to core
ice crystals form in tissue and expand extracellular spaces, causing tissue rupture and enzyme activity

necrosis occurs in prolonged cold temps

25
Q

aneurysm

A

abnormal stretching over 50% of artery, vein or heart

  1. aortic-most common-thoracic +abdominal (renal & iliac branches)
  2. mycotic - bacterial infection of syphillis/salmonella
  3. Atherosclerotic - fatty deposits on inner wall of arteries

With time they become fibrotic, BP force can cause rupture

26
Q

Polyarteritis Nodosa

A

inflam + destructive lesions in arterial system
present in IV drug users
affects heart, liver, kidneys, GI tract, mm, testes
pericarditid, myocarditis, arrythmias, myocardial infarction

Tx - meds -cortico steroids

27
Q

“Buergers Disease”

thromboangiitis /obliterans

A

present in Raynaud’s - wmn>
vasculitis in peripheral BV - extremities, hand + feet
idiopathic
present in men who smoke heavily

thin shiny hairless skin from constant ischemia
deminished/absent tibial + dorsal pedis pulses

28
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A

any disease of circulatory sys outside of brain or heart
intermittent claudication - pain with excersize, non at rest
men>

29
Q

vasculitis

A

inflam of a blood vessel, affects organ or system including PNS

arteritis - inflam of artery
infective arteritis - inflam of artery due to infection
rheumatoid arteritis - inflam associated with RHD

30
Q

Giant Cell Arteritis

A

Most common vasculitis - affects cranial/temporal arteries

affects elderly wmn
can cause irreversible blindness
absent radial pulses

31
Q

Ateriosclerosis 3 types

A

group of diseases caused by thickening and loss of elasticity in arterial walls - hardenig/clogged arteries

  1. Atherosclerosis - plaque + fat in inner layer (tunica intima) most common
  2. Monckeberg’s - affects middle layer, destruction of mm + elastic fibers with Calcium deposits
    age related, elderly
  3. Arteriolosclerosis - thickening of walls in small arterioles
32
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

a form of arteriosclerosis
thickening of arterial wall de accum of lipids, macrophages, lymphcytes, smooth mm,calcium, necrotic debris

erosion of artery wall
triggers thrombotic process
damage from LDL cholesterols and free radicals

can also be coronary disease, peripheral vasc disease, or cerebrovascular disease

33
Q

Dysrhythmias (5)

A
  1. Atrial fibrilation (AF) - rapid uncontrolled heart beats
  2. Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) - invol uncoordinated mm contractions of ventrical mm
  3. Heart Block (AV block) - interuption of impulses through heart electrical system - pacemaker
  4. Ectopic Beats - activation of heart that originates outside SA node
  5. Paroxysmal Tachycardia - begins/ends suddenly abnormal rapid heart beat
34
Q

Tachyardia=

Bradycardia=

A

T=greater than 100 bpm
———————————normal

B= less than 60 bpm

35
Q

Most common form of Pulmonary Embolism

A

Illiofemeral - 50%

36
Q

diastolic BP=

systolic BP=

A

Diastolic = higher than 90mm Hg

Systolic = higher than 140mm Hg - predicts cardiovascular events better

Measure in 2 separate occasions at least 2 wks apart

37
Q

Congenital Disorders of the heart

A

Septal defects - most comon

occurs informen ovale (atrial)
defect between left & right
ventricular - most common and most serious

Pressure in L heart chamber exceeds right, blood flows to R=R side hypertrophy
increased blood to pulmonary arteries=pulmonary HT
blood that flow to L is deoxyginated=cyanosis

38
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Stenosis (narrowing) of pulmonary artery
Ventricular septal defect
dextroposition of aorta
hypertrophy of R ventrical

39
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosis

A

Ductus arteriosis remains open at birth and ligamentum arteriosum dosen’t develop

premature infants
Tx’s with drugs and surgery

40
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta

A

localized congenital malformation of the Aorta (too narrow)

L Ventricle is forced to pump harder and HT develops

41
Q

Rheumatic Fever + Heart Disease

A

Strep infection
immunological, antibodies develop against own tissues
heart disease, scarring/deform of heart valves

42
Q

Endocarditis

A

Bacterial infection - staph & strep

IV drugs users
occurs most often on L side of heart(mitral/aortic valve) - more serious more common

R side more treatable

nidus
verrucous
septic emboli

Sys Path 300 (2 decks)

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