Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > Cardiocascular System > Flashcards

Cardiocascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasma ?

A

Plasma is 55 % of our blood volume, it has ions proteins and gases , nutrients etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the the three kinds of blood proteins and its functions ?

A

1) albumin - maintains osmotic pressure
2) globulins - transports proteins and antibodies
3) fibrinogen - blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three former elements ?

A

1) white blood cells
2) red blood cells
3) platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the five types of white blood cells ?

A

1) basophils
2) eosinophils
3) neutrophils
4) t & b lymphocytes
5) monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does red bone marrow contain and its function ?

A

Red bone marrow contains stem cells and capable of cell renewal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do stem cells renew themselves by which process ?

A

Mitosis undergoes cell division in the bone marrow then the cells differentiate to all types of blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the term for the reproduction of blood cells ?

A

Hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In which area does hematopoesis occurs ?

A

In the bone marrow hematopoiesis occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In which parts of the body can there by stem cells ? Hint ? Hematopoiesis happens in these areas of the body.

A

Sternum

Skull

Vertebrae

Pelvic bones

Ribs

Proximal femur and humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe and give function of red blood cells ?

A

1) transports , gases wastes water through the blood
2) regulates - ph levels and cell water content

3 ) protects by blood clotting and antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 5 functions of Hemoglobin ?

A

1) it’s an iron containing protein
2) found in red blood cells
3) binds co2 and oxygen for transport
4) made up of 4 globins with a centred heme molecule
5) able to carry 100 x more oxygen then plasma alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What hormone is released from the kidney in response to low blood and low oxygen levels ?

A

Erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The process in which red blood cells are synthesized ?

A

ErythropoieSis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to the aged or damaged red blood cells ?

A

They are taken up my macrophages in the spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are three things that happen with damaged or aged red blood cells ?

A
  • macrophages take up aged and damaged rbcs
  • hemoglobin breaks down
  • iron and amino acids end up recycled
  • bilirubin is released by liver - bile production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the general function of white blood cells ?

A

General function is protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name some features of white blood cells ?

A

Protects immune system

Unlike RBc white blood cells have a nucleus

Granular (contains enzymes etc)

Or agranular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the reticulocyte count ?

A

Measures the rate of erythropoiesis the oxygen and blood levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is hematocrit ?

A

Measures the percentage of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are examples of granular white blood cells leukocytes?

A

Basophils

Eosinophils

Neutrophil

All granular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name characteristics of neutrophils ?

A
  • most numerous in white blood cells
  • fast acting phagocytize cells
  • fights effectively against bacterial infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Characteristics of eosinophils ?

A
  • helps with allergic reactions

- combats parasitic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Characteristics of basophils ?

A
  • release histamine for inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name the two agranular white blood cells ?

A
  • monocytes

And

Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Characteristics of monocytes ?

A
  • largest WBC

- defends to fight against micro organisms

26
Q

Describe platelets and its function ?

A

1) small disk shaped
2) no nucleus
3) synthesis occurs in bone marrow and megakaryocytes break apart
4) 70% circulate free in blood , remainder are stored in the spleen
5) do blood clotting

6$ life span 5-9 days

27
Q

Describe the 3 step process for damaged blood cells to stop bleeding ?

A

1) vascular spasm
- smooth muscle contracts causes bleed to stop temporarily

2) platelet plug formation
- platelets adhere to the exposed collagen finest

3) platelets release chemical they make nearby elements sticky

4) coagulation
- fibrin traps rbc and platelets hence forming a clot

28
Q

What are the 3 disorders of haemostasis ?

A

1) Thrombus
- blood clot in en unbroken blood vessel

2) Embolus
- any cell debris in the blood flow

3) Embolism
- blockage of a blood cell by the moving of embolus .

29
Q

What does the lymphatic system do ?

A

Picks up leaked blood from blood vessels and returns it to the blood .

30
Q

Where can capillaries be found and what is their function ?

A

Capillary beds are found in body tissues and in the lungs where gas exchange occurs .

31
Q

What two layers does he pericardium have ?

A

It’s the heart

1st is : fibrous pericardium

2nd : serous pericardium

32
Q

Describe the pericardium

A

It has a first layer called fibrous pericardium which prevents over stretching and it protects and anchors the heart
Then there’s a double layer of parietal and visceral layer they lined the pericardium

And in between layers there is pericardial fluid to prevent friction and allow movement

33
Q

Which cavity is the heart located ? And where else ?

A

The thoracic cavity, between the two lungs

The top of the heart is superior - base
Bottom of the heart is called apex - inferior

34
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall ?

A

Endocardium - simple squamous epithelium

Myocardium - cardiac muscle

Epicardium - visceral layer part of the serous pericardium

35
Q

How are cardiac muscles joined ?

A

Cardiac muscle cells are joined by intercalated discs

Desmosomes - physically join cells

Gap junctions - allow ions to flow through b/w cells . This allows electrical impulses to spread and the heart to contract

36
Q

Which components make up the cardiac muscle ?

A
  • involuntary
  • striated
  • branched
  • has mitochondria
  • nucleus
  • sarcolemma
  • intercalated discs
  • opening of transverse tubule
37
Q

What are the top chambers and the bottom chambers of the heart called ?

A

Left and right atria which receives venous blood

And left and right ventricle which eject arterial blood

38
Q

Name the great anterior structures of the heart ?

A

Aorta
- systematic circulation

Pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary circulation

  • inferior vena cava drains the lower body
  • superior vena cava - carries oxygenated blood to the heart

Pulmonary veins
- carries oxygenated blood to heart

39
Q

What are the four valves of the heart and its overall function ?

A

Heart valves allow the blood to flow forward when it’s open and prevents back flow of blood when closed , they open and close by changes in pressure between the hearts chambers and the flow of blood

Pressure changed by the filling of blood and heart contraction

40
Q

Where are the atrioventricular valves and its location ?

A

The two atrioventricular valves are

1) tricuspid valve
- found on the right side of heart b/w right atrium and right ventricle

2) bicuspid valve is found on left side if heart between left atrium DNS left ventricle

41
Q

Where are the two semi lunar valves and its location ?

A

1) pulmonary valve
- found on tight side between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

2) aortic valve
- found on left side between the aorta and left ventricle

42
Q

What happens when the atria contracts ?

A

Increase in stride pressure forcing atrioventricular valves to open and the atrial blood flows into the ventricles

43
Q

Where can capillaries be found ?

A

Capillaries can be found in the upper limbs of the heart , left and right lungs and in lower limbs

44
Q

Which layer of the heart wall has papillary muscles by the chordate tendinae?

A

Valve cusps are anchored in the myocardium layer of the heart wall and anchored by papillary muscles

45
Q

When the heart contracts what 4 things happen ?

A

1) blood is pumped out of ventricles
2) av valve closes to prevent backflow
3) papillary muscles then contract and the chides tendinae pull on the valves

This pulling prevents inversion of valve cusps into the atria

46
Q

Why is the myocardium of the left ventricle thicker than the right ?

A

The left side had more work to do to pump blood around the body then it fights gravity to pump back to the heart

47
Q

What are pacemaker cells ?

A

Specialized cells
Generate action potentials in result to cardiac muscle contraction

SA node is at the top of the pacemaker of the heart in the right atrium and beats 100 beats per min .
The heart best is regulated by the autonomic nervous system

48
Q

Explain how action potential works on the heart

A

The SA node generated action potential sending it to the rest of the heart via electrical conduction system

49
Q

Explain the cardiac cycle

A

Within a heartbeat there is a relaxation phase : diastole

And a contracting phase : systole
When atria contracts , ventricles relax and vice versa

50
Q

In a cardiac cycle what are the 3 phases ?

A

1) relaxation
2) atrial systole
3) ventricular systole

51
Q

What happens during atrial systole ?

A
  • av valves are open
    -SA node begins to fire resulting in depolarization of the atrial and contraction begins
    Av valves now open and semi lunar valves are closed
52
Q

Explain what occurs during ventricular systole ?

A

Ap is spread to the ventricles to cause contraction

  • during contraction the pressure on the semilunar valves open to eject blood
53
Q

Describe the three ways to measure the heart

A

1) Cardiac output
- the volume of blood pimped by heart beat

2) stroke volume
- the volume of blood ejected by heart beat

3) heart rate
- # of beats per min

54
Q

What increases the heart rate ?

A

Sympathetic cardiac nerves increases heart right and forces contraction

55
Q

What decreases heart rate ?

A

The vague nerve found In the parasympathetic

56
Q

What are the three kinds of blood vessels ?

A

1) arterial system
- carries blood away from heart

2) venous system
- carries blood to the heart

3) capillary system
- carries blood from arteriolar and veins and have thin walls to allow exchange o gases between blood and tissues

57
Q

What is the function of arterioles ?

A

They deliver and regulate blood to tissues through capillaries

Arterioles have a single layer of epithelium and covered by smooth muscle fibres

58
Q

Describe capillaries

A

Small blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules

Single layer of endothelial cells

Had a basement membrane capillary bed

Helps to exchange of gases nutrients and wages between blood and the tissues

59
Q

Explain blood pressure

A

Blood pressure is the measure of pressure in blood in systolic state and diastolic state

60
Q

What activated motor neurone sending a gig am to the SA node for atp ?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

61
Q

What are baroreceptors ?

A

Detect changes of blood pressure and in the aorta

62
Q

When blood is pumped out from the right ventricle to go to the rest of the body it goes through the following steps

A

It’s pumped from right ventricle to the semi lunar valve then upwards to the pulmonary trunk the blood then goes straight in to the pulmonary artery remember this is deoxygenated blood coming back to the lungs to exchange the gases through capillaries the blood then is circled back to the heart because it’s oxygenated

It will go through the pulmonary veins which then goes in the left atrium going down the mitral valve down into the left ventricle going into the aortic semi lunar valve then the aorta which then sends blood to the rest of your body , the. Blood will go back to the heart from the inferior and superior vena cava veins straight into the right atrium , the atrium contracts sending the blood to the tricupsid valve then back to the right atrium

biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions