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Medical Finals > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

stage 1 hypertension

A

140/90 clinical (135/85 HBPM)

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2
Q

Stage 2 Hypertension

A

160/100 (150/95 HBPM)

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3
Q

first line antihypertensive for patient who is diabetic or <55

A

ACEi or ARB

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4
Q

First line antihypertensive for patient who is not diabetic or >55

A

CCB

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5
Q

Management option when patient’s hypertension is not managed on singular ARB ACEi or CCB

A

Add a thiazide diuretic e.g. Indapamide (or the other i.e. if on CCB add ACEi or ARB, and vice versa)

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6
Q

Management options if patient’s hypertension is not managed with ARB/ACEi & CCB & Thiazide diuretic

A
  • if K+ less than or equal to 4.5, add Spironolactone
  • If K+ is greater than 4.5, add an Alpha or Beta Blocker
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7
Q

Beta-Blocker side effects

A
  • dry mouth
  • changes in taste
  • drug-induced Lichen planus
  • bradycardia/hypotension
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8
Q

ACE-inhibitor side effects

A
  • dry cough
  • loss of taste
  • dry mouth
  • ulceration
  • angiodema
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9
Q

ARB side effects

A
  • dry mouth
  • angioedema
  • sinusitis
  • taste loss
  • hyperkalaemia
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10
Q

Loop diuretic side effects

A
  • ototoxicity
  • hypocalcaemia
  • hypokalaemia
  • hypomagnesaemia
  • hyponatraemia
  • gout
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11
Q

Thiazide diuretic side effects

A
  • dehydration
  • postural hypotension
  • hyponatraemia
  • hypokalaemia
  • hypercalcaemia
  • impaired glucose tolerance
  • impotence
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12
Q

important caution when prescribing potassium and ace inhibitor together

A

can precipitate hyperkalaemia

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13
Q

initial medical treatment of ACS

A

MONA
- Morphine
- Oxygen if Hypoxaemic
- Nitrates
- Antiplatelets - DUAL therapy- Aspirin + clopidogrel/ticegralor/prasugrel

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14
Q

Anticoagulant used in ACS when patient is going for immediate/early angio

A

Unfractionated Heparin or Bivalirudin

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15
Q

Anticoagulant used when angio is not planned

A

Fondaparinux or enoxaparin

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16
Q

Reperfusion in a patient with STEMI presenting within 12hrs onset

A
  • PCI within 120 mins
  • If PCI not available within 120 minutes, consider thrombolysis (alteplase) + transfer to PCI centre
17
Q

Reperfusion in a patient with STEMI presenting after 12hrs onset

A
  • consider PCI if continuing myocardial ischaemia or cardiogenic shock
  • Calculate grace score:
    (1) if Low Risk (predicted 6m mortality <3%): conservative management (nitrates, statins, beta blockers + antithrombotic treatment (aspirin/clopidogrel/ticegralor) + LMWH if patient is in hospital
    (2) If High risk (predicted 6m mortality >3%): if stable, offer angiography + revascularisation within 72hrs. If unstable, immediate angiography +/- PCI
18
Q

Secondary prevention of ACS

A

Block An ACS:
- Beta Blockers
- ACE-inhibitors
- Aspirin (lifelong)
- Clopidogrel/Ticegralor for 1 year following ACS
- Statin high dose e.g. Atorvastatin 80mg

19
Q

ECG findings for STEMI:
(1) Acute
(2) within days
(3) long term

A

(1) Peaked T waves (<5 waves) followed by ST elevation (<20 mins) which resolves in hours-days
(2) Within days: Q waves followed by T wave inversion
(3) Long term: Q waves, ST elevation

20
Q

other causes of ST elevation apart from STEMI (8)

A
  • Pericarditis - widespread saddle-shaped
  • Myocarditis
  • Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
  • Aortic dissection
  • LBBB/RBBB
  • PE
  • Brugada syndrome
  • Hyperkalaemia
21
Q

ECG findings- hypokalaemia (5)

A
  • U waves (especially in V4-V6)
  • small or absent T waves (occasionally inversion)
  • PR prolongation
  • ST depression
  • Long QT interval
22
Q

ECG findings- Hyperkalaemia (5)

A
  • tall tented T waves
  • small P waves
  • Wide QRS
  • Asystole
  • Ventricular Fibrillation
23
Q

ECG findings- Hypocalcaemia

A
  • Long QT interval
  • Short QRS complex
24
Q

ECG findings- Hypercalcaemia

A
  • Short QT interval
  • Long QRS complex

Medical Finals (9 decks)

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