Cardiology

Question 1

This heart sound is heard best at the LLSB, can be split, and is the sound of the mitral and tricuspid valves closing?

Answer 1

S1

Question 2

This heart sound is the closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves, will be spit on inspiration and a single sound on inhilation?

Answer 2

S2

Question 3

This heart sound is heard in diastole, is related to ventricular filling, and is normal in children?

Answer 3

S3

Question 4

This sound is heard in late diastole, indicates decreased ventricular compliance, and is always abnormal?

Answer 4

S4

Question 5

This term refers to how easily the chambers of the heart stretch & fill with blood?

Answer 5

compliance

Question 6

Innocent murmurs: still or vibratory murmurs and venous hum murmurs are heard in children of what age range?

Answer 6

3-6y/o

Question 7

This innocent murmur is a systolic ejection murmur with a vibratory or musical quality that decreases in intensity when the child is sitting up?

Answer 7

vibratory or still’s murmur

Question 8

This innocent murmur is continuous, is louder when the child is upright, changes with compression of jugular vein or head turning, and is heard more on the right infraclavicular region?

Answer 8

venous hum

Question 9

This innocent murmur is a systolic ejection murmur heard over the neck or carotid artery?

Answer 9

carotid bruit

Question 10

This innocent murmur is heard best in the left upper sternal border, is usually softer when the child is upright and doesn’t radiate to the back?

Answer 10

Adolescent ejection murmur

Question 11

An Adolescent ejection murmur is heard between what ages?

Answer 11

8-14y/o

Question 12

This systolic ejection murmur is harsh, & short, with a high frequency, and is best heard at the axilla and back?

Answer 12

NL peripheral pulmonary stenosis murmur

Question 13

NL peripheral pulmonary stenosis murmur are heard at what age?

Answer 13

newborns

Question 14

What type of murmurs are crescendo decrescendo with a short time between S1 and the murmur?

Answer 14

systolic ejection murmurs

Question 15

What murmur type begins at the onset of S1 and is heard with VSD or regurgitation of the mitral and tricuspid valve?

Answer 15

holosystolic murmur

Question 16

These murmurs are far less common and can be described as early, mid, or late?

Answer 16

diastolic murmurs

Question 17

Name that congenital heart disorder: usually asymptomatic; can have soft systolic ejection murmur; No tx needed unless still present at 3y/o, then surgery via closure device in the cath lab?

Answer 17

atrial septal defect

Question 18

name that congenital heart defect: most common type; presents with high frequency, loud murmur, pansystolic murmur; most close on their own?

Answer 18

ventricular septal defect

Question 19

Name that congenital heart defect: Widened pulse pressure; Machine like murmur; initial TX is diuretics but will require closure via coil embolization?

Answer 19

patent ductus arteriosus

Question 20

Name that congenital heart defect: infants present with different O2 sat in right arm and leg; femoral pulses are weaker; poor feeding, respiratory distress, and shock
Older kids present with leg discomfort, & hypertension in upper limbs?

Answer 20

coarctation of the aorta

Question 21

What is coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 21

genetic/anatomical narrowing of the aorta present from birth

Question 22

TX IV prostaglandin E1 (chemically opens the ductus arteriosus), inotropic agents, diuretics are treatments for what congenital heart defect?

Answer 22

coarctation of the aorta

Question 23

What are the four conditions of the Tetralogy of Fallot?

Answer 23

ventricular septal defect
pulmonary stenosis
overriding aorta
right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 24

What are the four presenting sx that accompany chest pain that are red flags in children?

Answer 24

CPX with syncope
CPX with exertion
CPX with palpations
or acute onset CPX with fever

Question 25

The etiology of this condition is described as sporadic or inherited autosomal dominant condition marked by Diastolic dysfunction (impaired ventricular filling)

Answer 25

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 26

What is an intrinsic disease of the heart muscle; can be classified as dilated, hypertrophic, or restricted

Answer 26

cardiomyopathy

Question 27

This condition can be difficult to dx; infants present with sings of HF; Older children present with sudden death or Dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, syncope or near-syncope, and palpitations?

Answer 27

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 28

TX for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 28

calcium channel blockers or beta blockers

Question 29

Infants presenting with poor feeding, failure to thrive, tachypnea, and diaphoresis with feeding should be suspected to have ___?

Answer 29

heart failure

Question 30

Children presenting with shortness of breath, easy fatigability, and edema should be suspected to have ___?

Answer 30

HF

Question 31

What are the four cardiac defects associated with trisomy 21?

Answer 31

Endocardial cushion defect, VSD, ASD, PDA

Question 32

What are the three conditions associated with Turner's syndrome?

Answer 32

Coarctation of aorta, aortic stenosis, bicuspid aortic valve (2 instead of 3)

Question 33

This condition is defined as a whole between the atria?

Answer 33

Atrial septal defect

Question 34

This condition is a whole in the heart between the ventricles of the heart?

Answer 34

VSD

Question 35

This non-cardiac cause of chest pain is described as a sharp knife pain?

Answer 35

Costochondritis

Question 36

What is the most common presenting sx of cardia syncope?

Answer 36

passing out with exertion