Cardiology

Question 1

Antiplatelets

Answer 1

Thromboxane synthesis inhibitors;
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin)

GPIIb / IIIa receptor antagonists;
Tirofiban

ADP receptor antagonists;
Clopidogrel
Ticagrelor

Question 2

Anticoagulants; Non-selective indirect coagulation factor inhibitors

Answer 2

High molecular weight (unfractionated);
Heparin

Low molecular weight (fractionated) heparins;
Enoxaparin

Question 3

Anticoagulants; Selective indirect inhibitors of factor Xa

Answer 3

Fondaparinux

Question 4

Anticoagulants; Selective direct inhibitors of coagulation factors

Answer 4

Selective direct inhibitors of factor IIa;
Dabigatran

Selective direct inhibitors of factor Xa;
Rivaroxaban
Apixaban

Question 5

Anticoagulants; inactive coagulation factor synthesis inhibitors

Answer 5

Vitamin K antagonists;
Warfarin

Question 6

Thrombolytic (fibrinolytic) agents

Answer 6

Alteplase

Question 7

Antihemorrhagic (hemostatic) agents

Answer 7

Fibrinolysis inhibitors;
Tranexamic acid

Vasopressin receptor
agonists;
Desmopressin

Question 8

Diuretics

Answer 8

Osmotic diuretics;
Mannitol

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors;
Acetazolamide

Loop diuretics;
Furosemide
Torasemide

Thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics;
Hydrochlorothiazide
Indapamide

Question 9

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA, aldosterone receptor antagonists)

Answer 9

Spironolactone
Eplerenone

Question 10

Angiotensin converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Answer 10

Captopril
Enalapril
Enalaprilat
Perindopril
Ramipril

Question 11

Angiotensin II 1st type (AT1) receptor blockers (ARB)

Answer 11

Valsartan
Candesartan
Losartan

Question 12

Calcium channel
blockers

Answer 12

Dihydropyridines; Nifedipine
Amlodipine

Non-dihydropyridines;
Verapamil
Diltiazem

Question 13

Selective α1 adrenoreceptor antagonists

Answer 13

Doxazosin

Question 14

Selective α1, nonselective β adrenoreceptor antagonists

Answer 14

Labetalol
Carvedilol

Question 15

β adrenoreceptor antagonists

Answer 15

1st generation
Propranolol

2nd generation
Metoprolol
Bisoprolol

3rd generation
Nebivolol
Carvedilol

Question 16

Selective central α2 adrenoreceptor agonists

Answer 16

Methyldopa

Question 17

NO modulators/donors

Answer 17

Sodium nitroprusside
Glyceril trinitrate
Isosorbide mononitrate

Question 18

Central α2 adrenoreceptor and imidazoline I1 agonists

Answer 18

Clonidine

Question 19

Selective imidazoline I1 receptor agonists (SIRA)

Answer 19

Moxonidine

Question 20

Sinoatrial node inhibitors

Answer 20

Ivabradine

Question 21

Late sodium flow inhibitors

Answer 21

Ranolazine

Question 22

Hypolipidemic (lipid-correcting) agents

Answer 22

Atorvastatin
Fenofibrate
Ezetimibe
Evolocumab

Question 23

Neprilysin inhibitors

Answer 23

Valsartan + Sacubitril

Question 24

SGLT2 inhibitors

Answer 24

Dapagliflozin
Empagliflozin

Question 25

Inotropic agents

Answer 25

Beta 1 adrenoreceptor agonists; Dopamine Dobutamine Cardiac glycosides; Digoxin Calcium channel sensitizers; Levosimendane PDE-3 inhibitors; Milrinone

Question 26

Vasopressors

Answer 26

Norepinephrine

Question 27

I class anti-arrhythmic agents

Answer 27

IA Procainamide IB Lidocaine IC Ethacizine IC Propafenone IC Flecainid

Question 28

II class anti-arrhythmic agents

Answer 28

1st generation Propranolol 2nd generation Metoprolol Bisoprolol

Question 29

III class anti-arrhythmic agents

Answer 29

Amiodarone Sotalol Vernakalant

Question 30

IV class anti-arrhythmic agents

Answer 30

Verapamil Diltiazem

Question 31

Nonclassified anti-arrhythmic agents

Answer 31

Magnesium sulfate Atropine Epinephrine Digoxin

Question 32

Digoxin toxicity treatment

Answer 32

Calcium is the drug of first choice for life-threatening cardiac toxicity due to hyperkalemia (when digoxin toxicity has not yet been confirmed) Hyperkalemia treatment: Digoxinspecific antibodies Calcium gluconate or Calcium chloride sodium bicarbonate, glucose, insulin Treat bradycardia or heart block with atropine and consider digoxin-specific antibodies. Temporary cardiac pacemaker (or isoproterenol infusion) may be needed for symptomatic bradycardia Digoxin-specific antibody is the preferred treatment for life-threatening arrhythmias. (Ventricular tachyarrhythmias may respond to correction of low potassium or magnesium. Lidocaine and phenytoin)

Question 33

Heparin antidote

Answer 33

protamine sulphate

Question 34

CCB toxicity

Answer 34

Atropine and cardiac pacing for bradyarrhythmias Calcium chloride or calcium gluconate (calcium reverses the depression of cardiac contractility) For cardiogenic shock and bradycardia consider epinephrine, dobutamine, isoprotenol For vasodilatory shock phenylephrine, norepinephrine Highdose insulin euglycemic therapy (HIET) to treat hyperglycemia

Question 35

Rivaroxaban antidote

Answer 35

Andexanet alfa

Question 36

Dabigatran antidote

Answer 36

idarucizumab

Question 37

Warfarin antidotes

Answer 37

Phytomenadione (vitamin K) Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC) Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)

Question 38

Antidote used in case of QRS prolongation, bradyarrhythmias, and hypotension

Answer 38

Sodium bicarbonate (reverses cardiac depressant effects caused by inhibition of the fast sodium channel)

Question 39

BB toxicology treatment

Answer 39

Glucagon Calcium chloride or calcium gluconate Highdose insulin euglycemic therapy (HIET) to treat hyperglycemia Sodium bicarbonate Vasopressors to manage shock (Epinephrine)