cardiology

Question 1

Where is the vagus nerve in relation to the phrenic nerve?

Answer 1

Medial

Question 2

Order of great vessels, right to left

Answer 2

SAP - Superior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary trunk

Question 3

Where does the tricuspid valve sit?

Answer 3

Deep to the coronary groove which contains the right coronary artery

Question 4

What marks the boundary between the two ventricles?

Answer 4

Anterior interventricular groove

Question 5

What branch of the left coronary artery sits in the anterior interventricular groove

Answer 5

Left anterior descending artery

Question 6

What branch of the right coronary artery sits in the posterior inter ventricular groove?

Answer 6

Posterior interventricular artery

Question 7

What two main branches of the right coronary artery should you be able to recognise?

Answer 7

Right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery

Question 8

Where is the left coronary artery found?

Answer 8

Left interventricular groove

Question 9

What branches off the left anterior descending artery?

Answer 9

Lateral/diagonal branch

Question 10

Features of the right atrium

Answer 10

Auricle - small muscular pouch that increases atrial capacity
Pectinate muscles - Ridged muscles in the anterior wall
Crista terminalis - Smooth ridge separating the rough pectinate muscles from the smooth posterior wall
Fossa ovalis - remnant of foetal foramen ovale, located in interatrial septum
Opening of coronary sinus - Drains venous blood from heart
Sinoatrial-node - Just below the SVC
APCFOS - Adam pets Callie’s fox on Sundays

Question 11

What are heart valve cusps connect to heart walls by?

Answer 11

Tendinous cords which are anchored to papillary muscles

Question 12

Where do you auscultate the heart?

Answer 12

Aortic - 2nd intercostal space, right sternal edge
Pulmonary - 2nd intercostal space, left sternal edge
Tricuspid - 4th or 5th intercostal space, left sternal edge
Mitral - 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line (apex)

Question 13

What is the trans thoracic plane?

Answer 13

The line between the sternal edge, and the T4/5 intervertebral disc. This differentiates the superior mediastinum from the inferior mediastinum

Question 14

Where does the vagus pass through?

Answer 14

The diaphragm with the oesophagus

Question 15

Where does the azygous vein drain into?

Answer 15

Superior vena cava

Question 16

What are the branches of the aorta? (in order first to last)

Answer 16

• Coronary arteries (ascending aorta)
• Brachiocephalic trunk (aortic arch)
• Left common carotid (aortic arch)
• Left subclavian (aortic arch)

Question 17

What does the brachiocephalic artery branch into?

Answer 17

Right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

Question 18

What do the bilateral posterior intercostal arteries supply with blood and where do they originate?

Answer 18

They supply both left and right intercostal spaces and they originate in the descending aorta

Question 19

What is the venous angle?

Answer 19

The junction between the subclavian and internal jugular veins, found at the base of the neck. Forms the bracheocephalic vein.

Question 20

Where is the left venous angle located?

Answer 20

Left sternoclavicular joint

Question 21

Where does the vagus nerve sit?

Answer 21

Posterior to the lung root

Question 22

Where does the phrenic nerve sit?

Answer 22

Anterior to the lung root

Question 23

Where does the recurrent laryngeal branch of the left vagus nerve hook?

Answer 23

Under the ligament arteriosum

Question 24

What are the nerves of the superior mediastinum from lateral to medial?

Answer 24

Phrenic, vagus, recurrent laryngeal

Question 25

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook? And does it enter the chest?

Answer 25

Under the right subclavian artery. It does not enter the chest

Question 26

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook? And does it enter the chest?

Answer 26

Under the arch of the aorta. It does not enter the chest

Question 27

Where do the phrenic nerves originate?

Answer 27

In the spinal cord, in the cervical nerve roots C3 through C5

Question 28

Where does lymph from the inferior lobe of the left lung drain into?

Answer 28

Right lymphatic duct

Question 29

What is the order of structure in the posterior mediastinum? (front to back)

Answer 29

Brachiocephalic veins + SVC Arch of aorta Trachea Oesophagus Thoracic duct

Question 30

Where are the tracheobronchial lymph nodes found?

Answer 30

Bifurcation of the trachea to the bronchi

Question 31

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

Answer 31

Right venous angle

Question 32

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

Answer 32

Left venous angle (only lymphatic vessel large enough to be found in dissection)

Question 33

Where do superficial lymphatic vessels drain into?

Answer 33

Deep lymphatic vessels