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Cskills Mel > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

sound pattern of increasing intensity caused by increased blood velocity

A

crescendo

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2
Q

site farthest from the location of greatest intensity at which the sound is still heard; usually transmitted in the direction of blood flow

A

radiation

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3
Q

heart and stomach are to the right and the liver to the left

A

situs inversus

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4
Q

forms most of the anterior surface of the heart

A

right ventricle

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5
Q

location of the apical pulse

A

5th L ICS at the midclavicular line

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6
Q

AV valves

A

tricuspid (R) & mitral (L)

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7
Q

number of cusps of the semilunar valves

A

3

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8
Q

produces S1 heart sound

A

closure of the mitral & tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole

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9
Q

produces S2 heart sound

A

closure of the pulmonic & aortic valves
A2 is produced by the aortic (occurs first)
P2 is produced by the pulmonic

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10
Q

sound heard when atria contract to eject any remaining blood

A

S4

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11
Q

sound produced by ventricular filling

A

S3

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12
Q

refers to two distinct components to diastolic sounds

A

split S2 (A2 then P2)

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13
Q

atrial depolarization on ECG

A

P wave

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14
Q

time from initial stimulation of atria to initial stimulation of ventricles (0.12-0.20 sec)

A

PR interval

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15
Q

spread of the stimulus through the ventricles

A

QRS complex (<0.10 sec)

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16
Q

ventricular repolarization on ECG

A

T wave

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17
Q

When does the ductus arteriosus close?

A

typically 24-48 hrs after birth

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18
Q

yellowish tumor on upper & lower eyelids

A

xanthelasma

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19
Q

if apical pulse is more vigorous than expected it should be characterized as

A

heave or lift

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20
Q

apical pulse that is more forceful & widely distributed, fills systole or is displaced laterally & downward may indicate

A

increased CO or left ventricular hypertrophy

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21
Q

cause of lift along left sternal border

A

right ventricular hypertrophy

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22
Q

fine, palpable, rushing vibration over the base of the heart and in the area of the R or L 2nd ICS

A

thrill

indicates turbulence

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23
Q

What pulse is synchronous with S1

A

carotid

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24
Q

intensity of sound increases with handgrip

A

mitral regurgitation

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25
Q

murmur increases in intensity with inspiration & decreases during expiration

A

right-sided

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26
Q

valsalva increases the intensity of this murmur

A

hypertrophic

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27
Q

location for auscultation of the aortic valve

A

R 2nd ICS

The pulmonic is at the same level but on the left

28
Q

location for auscultation of tricuspid

A

L 4th ICS

29
Q

When is split S2 heard?

A

inspiration

30
Q

Which heart sound suggests pathology & needs additional investigation?

A

S4

31
Q

mid-to-late nonejection systolic clicks

A

mitral prolapse

32
Q

rhythm sounds like TEN-nes-see

A

S4 (atrial gallop)

33
Q

rhythm sounds like Ken-TUCK-y

A

S3 (ventricular gallop)

34
Q

produces an opening “snap”

A

valvular stenosis

35
Q

causes a pericardial friction rub

A

inflammation of the pericardial sac

36
Q

best position to auscultate for s3 or S4

A

left lateral

37
Q

Grading of Heart murmurs

A 
I: barely audible in quiet room
II: quiet but clearly audible
III: Moderately loud
IV: loud, associated with thrill
V: very loud with palpable thrill
VI: Very loud & audible without stethoscope contact with skin
38
Q

low diastolic rumble with no radiation
palpable thrill at apex in late diastole
opening snap
decreased arterial pulse amplitude

A

mitral stenosis

39
Q

mid-systolic ejection murmur
crescendo-decrescendo
palpable S4

A

aortic stenosis

40
Q 
murmur fills systole
diamond-shaped
palpable thrill in systole
brisk arterial pulse
prominent JVP
A

subaortic stenosis

41
Q

systolic murmur heard over pulmonic area & radiating into neck
almost always congenital cause

A

pulmonic stenosis

42
Q

diastolic rumble in early and late diastole
decreased arterial pulse amplitude
prominent JVP
caused by rheumatic heart disease, congenital defect

A

tricuspid valve stenosis

43
Q

holosystolic high-pitched blowing sound that obliterates S2
radiates to base or left axilla
caused by rheumatic fever, MI, myxoma, rupture of chordae

A

mitral regurgitation

44
Q

late systolic murmur preceded by midsystolic clicks

A

mitral valve prolapse

45
Q

early diastolic, high pitch
sounds vary with blood pressure
caused by rheumatic heart disease, endocarditis, Marfan, syphilis

A

aortic regurgitation

46
Q

holosystolic murmur over right ventricle
blowing
congenital defects, bacterial endocarditis (esp in IV drug users), pulmonary HTN

A

tricuspid regurgitation

47
Q

characterized by exaggerated decrease in the amplitude of pulsation during inspiration and increased amplitude in expiration
Can be caused by pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis, emphysema, asthma

A

pulsus paradoxus

48
Q

Pulse amplitude descriptions

A 
4 = bounding
3 = full, increased
2 = expected
1 = diminished, barely palpable
0 = absent, not palpable
49
Q

pain from muscle ischemia

A

claudication

50
Q

intact system capillary refill time

A

< 2 sec

51
Q

normal pulse pressure range

A

30-40 mm Hg

52
Q

when would bp in the legs be measured?

A

if suspect coarctation of the aorta or if diastolic > 90 mm Hg

53
Q

redness, thickening or tenderness along a superficial vein

A

thrombophlebitis

54
Q

complaint of pain when flex the knee with one hand and dorsiflex the foot with the other

A

+ Homan sign

may indicate venous thrombosis

55
Q

very deep pit that lasts 2-5 min after compression, coupled with gross distortion of the dependent extremity

A

4+ pitting edema

56
Q

Why is HTN a common process of aging?

A

blood vessels lose elasticity

57
Q

is essential HTN symptomatic?

A

typically no

58
Q

ascites & peripheral edema

A

evidence of Rt heart failure

59
Q

stenosis in the descending aortic arch near the origin of the left subclavian artery and ligamentum arteriosum

A

coarctation of the aorta

60
Q

sleeping on more than one pillow to breathe

A

orthopnea

61
Q

outward movement of the sternal/parasternal area

A

lift

62
Q

outward movement of prolonged duration, increased amplitude

A

heave

63
Q

inward movement of the chest wall

A

retraction

64
Q

outward chest movement

A

thrust

65
Q

low-pitched murmurs are heard best with the

A

bell

66
Q

observe to evaluate arterial & venous insufficiency

A

skin color, skin texture, skin temperature, hair distribution

Cskills Mel (6 decks)

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