Cardiology

Question 1

Myocarditis

Answer 1

Inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart

Question 2

Endocarditis

Answer 2

Inflammation/infection of the endocardium

Question 3

Endocardiosis

Answer 3

Chronic fibrosis or thickening of the atrioventricular valves

Question 4

Pericarditis

Answer 4

Inflammation of the pericardium

Question 5

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 5

Primary disease of the heart muscle

Question 6

Cardiomegaly

Answer 6

Enlargement of the heart

Question 7

Ascites

Answer 7

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity due to congestion in the vena cava when the right side of the heart is failing

Question 8

Examples of congenital heart diseases

Answer 8

Patent ductus arteriosis
Aortic stenosis
Septal defects
Tetralogy of fallout
Mitral/tricuspid dysplasia

Question 9

What does PDA stand for?

Answer 9

Patent Ductus Arteriosis

Question 10

What is PDA?

Answer 10

The connection that allows blood to bypass the lungs via a connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

Normal in foetuses, should close soon after birth

Question 11

Treatment for PDA

Answer 11

Surgery to ligate the vessel

Question 12

What is aortic/ pulmonic stenosis?

Answer 12

Narrowing of the aortic or pulmonic valve

Question 13

Treatment for Aortic/ Pulmonic Stenosis

Answer 13

Balloon Valvuloplasty

Question 14

What does aortic/pulmonic stenosis lead to?

Answer 14

Hypertrophy

Question 15

What is mitral/ tricuspid valve dysplasia?

Answer 15

Malformation of mitral or tricuspid valves.

Means that regurgitation of blood from the ventricles back into the atrium occurs

Question 16

What is a septal defect?

Answer 16

A hole in the septum between atria or ventricles

Question 17

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

Answer 17

Combined:

Pulmonic stenosis
Ventricular septal defect
Dextraposed aorta
Right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 18

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy often occurs alongside which other disease?

Answer 18

Hyperthyroidism

Question 19

What does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy lead to?

Answer 19

Congestive Heart Failure

Question 20

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 20

Heart enlargement due to dilation of the heart chambers.

Reduces contractility and leads to congestive heart failure

Question 21

What is the definition of an arrhythmia?

Answer 21

Disturbance of the electrical activity of the heart

Question 22

What is pericardial effusion?

Answer 22

Build up of fluid between the pericardium and heart itself

Question 23

How do you treat pericardial effusion?

Answer 23

Pericardiocentesis

Ongoing problem- Removal of pericardium

Question 24

Define heart failure?

Answer 24

When the heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation for the needs of the body

Question 25

Signs of acute heart failure

Answer 25

``` Severe dyspnoea Cyanosis Cardiogenic shock Dilated pupils Distress ```

Question 26

Define congestive heart failure

Answer 26

The decompensation of heart disease

Question 27

Three ways anaemia develops

Answer 27

Loss of RBCs Destruction of RBCs Lack of RBC production

Question 28

What does ECG stand for?

Answer 28

Electrocardiography

Question 29

What’s happening on the P Wave of an ECG

Answer 29

Atrial depolarisation Contraction of the left and right atrium

Question 30

What happens at the QRS wave on an ECG?

Answer 30

Ventricular depolarisation/ contraction

Question 31

What happens at the T wave on an ECG?

Answer 31

Repolarisation

Question 32

Key things for a good ECG

Answer 32

Right lateral recumbency Electrode contact agent Proper placement of leads

Question 33

Things to try if your ECG has a lot of artifact?

Answer 33

Rubber mat under patient Turn off other electrical equipment nearby Clip patient Reduce stress on patient

Question 34

What can echocardiography show?

Answer 34

Blood Flow between the valve in the heart

Question 35

How often should you weigh a heart patient?

Answer 35

Every two months

Question 36

What can you change about diet for a cardiac patient?

Answer 36

Reduce sodium!

Question 37

What cardiac diseases can lignocaine be used to treat?

Answer 37

Ventricular Arrhythmias | PVC

Question 38

When should you not use lignocaine?

Answer 38

Cats Beta Blockers Bradycardia

Question 39

What is propranolol used to treat?

Answer 39

Atrial or ventricular arrhythmias

Question 40

What does propranolol do?

Answer 40

Decreases cardiac contraction, reduces cardiac output and decreases blood pressure

Question 41

Example of an anti arrhythmic class 2 drug

Answer 41

Propranolol

Question 42

How do Positive inotope drugs work?

Answer 42

Increases strength of cardiac contraction

Question 43

Examples of positive inotropes

Answer 43

Adrenaline Dopamine Dobutamine Digoxin

Question 44

Treatment for DCM?

Answer 44

Vetmedin

Question 45

Diuretics

Answer 45

Helps body get rid of excess water

Question 46

Example of a diuretic?

Answer 46

Flu rose die