Cardiology-AACN

Question 1

volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute

Answer 1

cardiac output

Question 2

what is the normal CO

Answer 2

4-8L/min

Question 3

volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole

Answer 3

stroke volume

Question 4

Preload or ___ ___ volume

Answer 4

end diastolic

Question 5

How do you assess preload

Answer 5

RV: CVP/ RA pressure
normal: 2-6mmHg
LV: PAWP/ LA pressure
normal 6-12 mmHG

Question 6

How to reduce preload

Answer 6

diuretics/ vasodilators

Question 7

How to increase preload

Answer 7

volume/ vasoconstriction of venous blood and increases return to RIGHT heart

Question 8

the pressure the ventricle must generate to open the semilunar valve and eject its contents

Answer 8

afterload

Question 9

Reflects the overall resistance or impedance to systolic ejection into the entire systemic circulation

Answer 9

SVR or LV afterload

Question 10

the greatest resistance to flow lies in the:

Answer 10

small arteries and arterioles

Question 11

Formula for SVR

Answer 11

80 x (MAP-RAP)/CO

Question 12

Reduction of afterload meds

Answer 12

Vasodilators:
Nitro, Nicardapene, Hydralazine, Lordalil, Ca Channel blockers,
sodium nitroprusside, Ace inhibitors

Question 13

Increase afterload med

Answer 13

Pressors: Epi, Phenylephrine, Levo, Dopamine, Vasopressin

Question 14

Normal SVR

Answer 14

800-1200 dynes/sec/cm-5

Question 15

Causes of increased SVR

Answer 15

volume infusions, peripheral vasoconstriction, Low CO states, hypothermia, increased blood viscosity, hypovolemia, vasopressors, LV failure, alpha-adrenergic agents

Question 16

Causes of decreased SVR

Answer 16

diuretics, peripheral vasodilation, vasodilators, hyperdynamic phase of sepsis

Question 17

Pulmonare vascular resistance indicative of

Answer 17

RV afterload

Question 18

resistance or impedance to right ventricular ejection into the pulmonary vasculature

Answer 18

Pulmonary vascular resistance

Question 19

formular for PVR

Answer 19

80 x (MPAP-PAOP)/ CO

Question 20

Normal PVR

Answer 20

<250 dynes/se/cm-5

Question 21

Causes of increased PVR

Answer 21

hypoxia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, pulmonary emboli, congenital heart defect, pulmonary hypertension , sepsis, valvular heart disease

Question 22

causes of decreased PVR

Answer 22

vasodilator therapy- prostaglandins/ correction of hypoxia

Question 23

ability of the heart to modulate its contractile performance independant of preload and afterload

Answer 23

contractility

Question 24

Normal range of pulmonary artery pressure

Answer 24

15-25/0-8 mmHg

Question 25

Pulmonary artery pressure high readings reasons:

Answer 25

primary pulmonary hypertension, valvular heart disease

Question 26

pulmonary | Pulmonary artery pressure low readings reasons:

Answer 26

hypovolemia, vasodilator therapy

Question 27

average pressure in the circuit during systole and diastole

Answer 27

mean arterial pressure

Question 28

Normal MAP

Answer 28

70-105

Question 29

average pressure in the pulmonary circuit during systole and diastole

Answer 29

mean pulmonary artery pressure

Question 30

normal mean pulmonary artery pressure

Answer 30

10-20mmHg

Question 31

causes of increased MPAP

Answer 31

volume infusion, pulmonary vasoconstriction, decreased LV contractility, hypervolemia, hypoxia, COPD, Pulmonary hypertension

Question 32

causes of decreased MPAP

Answer 32

diuretics, pulmonary vasodilation, inotropic therapy (milrinone and dobutamine) hypovolemia

Question 33

beta receptors are what type of medication

Answer 33

inotrope

Question 34

Beta 1 receptors are found primarily in the

Answer 34

heart

Question 35

beta 1 receptors produces increased -- and --

Answer 35

heart rate and contractility

Question 36

example of beta 1 receptors

Answer 36

dobutamine

Question 37

a1 receptors are found primarily in the

Answer 37

lungs, peripheral arterioles

Question 38

stimulation of a1 produces

Answer 38

constriction of the smooth muscle

Question 39

alpha 2 receptors are found primarily

Answer 39

in the brain

Question 40

stimulation of alpha 2 receptors

Answer 40

promote bronchodilation and block vasoconstriction

Question 41

Dopaminergic receptors are found in

Answer 41

renal, mesenteric, and vascular beds

Question 42

stimulation of dopaminergic receptors produce

Answer 42

vasodilation