Cardiology I Flashcards by Hack Etilokcin

What is the heart rate with a Normal Sinus Rhythm?

60-100 bpm

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Describe the P-waves with Normal Sinus Rhythm.

P-waves present with each QRS

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Describe the PR interval with a Normal Sinus Rhythm.

normal and the same (0.12-0.2)

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Describe the QRS in a Normal Sinus Rhythm.

regular

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What is the Rate with Sinus Bradycardia?

rate is < 60 with Sinus Bradycardia

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Describe P-waves with sinus bradycardia.

p-waves are present with each QRS

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Describe the PR interval with sinus bradycardia.

PR interval is normal and the same (0.12-0.2) in sinus bradycardia

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Describe the QRS with sinus bradycardia.

regular QRS with sinus bradycardia

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What is the Rate with sinus tachycardia?

Rate is > 100 bpm with sinus tachycardia

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Describe the P-waves in sinus tachycardia.

P-waves are present with each QRS with sinus tachycardia

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Describe the PR interval with sinus tachycardia.

PR interval is normal and the same (0.12-0.2) in sinus tachycardia

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Describe the QRS with sinus tachycardia.

the QRS in sinus tachycardia is regular

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What is another term for Supraventricular Tachycardia?

Paroxysmal SVT

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What is the heart rate with SVT/PSVT?

the rate in SVT/PSVT is 140-220 bpm

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Describe the P-waves of SVT/PSVT.

P-waves are present with each QRS but may not be visible when rate is fast with SVT/PSVT

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Describe the PR interval with SVT/PSVT.

the PR interval is consistent but may be hidden in the QRS with SVT/PSVT

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Describe the QRS with SVT/PSVT.

the QRS with SVT/PSVT is regular but fast

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What are Premature Atrial contractions?

extra atrial contractions (p waves) can occur at any time and rate,
these p waves usually look different than normal p waves

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What are Premature Ventricular contractions?

can occur at any time & rate
different QRS morphology
T waves in the opposite direction
these are followed by compensatory pause

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What is Atrial Fibrillation?

Irregularly Irregular arrhythmia caused by

firing of multiple foci in the arorta

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What is the most common sustained arrhythmia and a leading cause of thrombosis with possible emolization?

atrial fib

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What is the Etiology of A. fib?

stress, fever, Alcohol, volume depletion, pericarditis, CAD, MI, PE, mitral valve disease, thryotoxicosis, and idiopathathic lone A. fib

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If your cardiac patient is Hemodynamically Unstable how do you Tx this patient’s Atrial Fibrillation?

-DC cardioversion

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If your cardiac patient is Hemodynamically Stable when do you treat this patient’s Atrial Fibrillation with Electrocarioversion?

-after 4 weeks of anticoagulation with coumadin

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When Tx Atrial Fibrillation and the patient is Hemodynamically Stable what drugs are you going to prescribe to lower the heart rate?

- Beta blockers - calcium channel blockers - digoxin

When Tx Atrial Fibrillation and the patient is Hemodynamically Stable what drugs might you prescribe for Anitcoagulation?

- Heparin - Aspirin - Coumadin

When Tx Atrial Fibrillation and the patient is Hemodynamically Stable what drugs may be used for Chemical Cardioversion?

- Amiodarone | - Ibutalide

What electrolytes might need to be replaces when Tx Atrial Fibrillation and the patient is Hemodynamically Stable?

-K and Mg

When Tx Atrial Fibrillation and the patient is Hemodynamically stable lab hormone test should you run and correct abnormalities?

-Check TSH and correct abnormalities

Describe the EKG caused by an Atrial Ectopic focus (Atrial Flutter) ?

-atrial flutter produces a classic sawtooth pattern on EKG

What are the possible etiology for Atrial Flutter?

- CAD - pericarditis - valvular heart disease - cardiomyopathy

What are the possible Tx for Atrial Flutter?

- Rate controlling meds - Cardioverting meds - Anticoagulation - Electrical Cardioversion

What are the possible Tx options for Atrial Fibrillation?

- DC cardioversion - Rate lowering meds - Chemical cardioversion - Electrical cardioversion - Replace electrolytes - Check TSH and correct abnormalities

What are the Rate Controlling meds for Tx of Atrial Flutter?

- Beta blockers - calcium channel blockers - digoxin

What are the Cardioverting meds for Tx of Atrial Flutter?

- Amiodarone | - Ibutilide

What are the anticoagulation med used to Tx Atrial Flutter?

- Heparin - Aspirin - Coumadin

When is Electrical Cardioversion used to Tx Atrial Flutter?

-if unstable or after 4 weeks of anticoagulation

What is the most significant finding on EKG for First Degree Heart Block?

******* PR interval : > 0.20 *******

In Tx of hypertension, what is the DASH diet?

-diet high in K+ and Ca++

What is the significance of the DASH diet?

-1600 cal DASH diet is as effective as the effects of drug monotherapy

When do you use 2 drugs to tx hypertension?

-use to 2 drugs when BP is > 20/10 mmHg above goal

How do Loop, thiazide and potassium sparring drugs work?

-reduce volume and preload

What are the side effects of diuretics?

- Loop/thiazide--decrease K+ - Thiazide--increase uric acid and lipids - Spirolonactone--conserves K+

How do beta blockers work?

-slow HR and reduce peripheral resistance

Other than HTN when else are beta blockers used?

- thyrotoxicosis - essential tremor - post MI - migraine HA - tachyarrhythmias

What HTN medication can mask hypoglycemia is diabetics?

-beta blockers

What are the side effects of beta blockers?

- impotence - fatigue - bradycardia - Bronchial constriction (Nonselctive BB)

ACE-I end in what four letters?

-pril

How do ACE-I work?

-work by reducing peripheral vascular resistance

How effective are ACE-I in monotherapy?

-40% effective in monotherapy and 80% effective in combination theraphy

What other positive effect do ACI-I have?

-preserve renal function

Do you use ACI-I in pregnancy?

-category X

What are the side effects of ACE-I?

- cough (chronic and nonproductive) | - Angioedema

What's a good way to remember which HTN meds are Angiotension Receptor Blockers (ARB) ?

-end in --sartan

How do ARB's (angiotensin receptor blockers) work?

-vasodilate similar to ACE-I

Which two HTN meds have renal protective effects?

-ACE-I and ARB's

What are the side effects of ARB's ?

- less cough than ACE-I | - less angioedema than ACE-I

How do Alpha Blockers work?

- produce arterial and venous dilation | - they do not reduce cardiac outpur

What's a good way to remember Alpah Blockers?

-end in -- zosin

What are the side effects of alpha blockers?

- postural hypertension - improves BPH and urine stream - positive effects on HDL and LDL

How do calcium channel blockers work?

- vasodilate - slow HR - have negative inotropic effects

What other medical conditons are CCB's used?

- Raynauds - cardiomyopathy - migraines - cluster headaches

What are the side effects of CCB's ?

- heart block - constipation - peripheral edema

What are the Direct arterial dilators used in HTN?

-hydralazinde & minoxidil

What are the side effects of the direct arterial dilators (hydralazine & minoxidil) ?

- reflex tachycardia | - fluid retension

What are the Central acting agents used to tx HTN ?

- methyldopa | - clonidine

What are the side effects of the central acting agents (methlyldopa and clonidine?

- sedation - dry mouth - postural hypotension

Name HTM meds for Heart Failure?

- ACE-I - BB - ARB's - aldosterone blockers - Loop diuretics

HTN meds to use for diabetics?

- ACE-I - ARB's - thiazide diuretics - BB - CCB's

What is the BP numbers goal for HTN in diabetics?

- <130/100

HTN meds to use for patients with Cerebral Vascular Disease?

-ACE-L and Thiazide diuretic

What is the goal HTN with Cerebral Vasc Disease?

- 160/100

Etiology for kids with HTN?

- kidney disease | - coarctation of the aorta

You don't use ACE-I or ARBs on who?

- pregnancy | - sexually active females

What is HTN Urgency?

-BP >220/120 without SXs

What is HTN Emergency?

``` -Sx's are present: HA confusion dissection nephropathy pulm edema ```

How drugs are used with HTN Emergency?

-IV nitroprusside (nipride) or labetolol

How does nitroglycerin work?

- decreases arteriolar and venous tone - reduces preload and afterload - lowers O2 demand of the heart - 0.4 mg SL or spray q 5 min x3

How do you tx a patient with stable angina in order to prevent further attacks ?

- ****Beta blockers**** - ****Aspirin 81-325mg q day**** - long acting nitrates - CCB's 3rd line tx, and only amlodipine and norvasc

Who gets Prinzmetal (variant) angina?

-usually women >50

What are the keys to Dx of Prinzmetal angina?

- CP without usual precipitating factors * ***ST-segment elevation****rather than depression * ***Sx usually in occur in the morning***** - cardiac cath in N

What meds do you put your 53 y.o. female on for her Prinzmetal angina?

* ***nitrates**** | * ***CCBs****

What HTN medication will exacerbate coronary vasospasm in Prinzmetal Angina?

-Beta Blockers

What do gals with Prinzmetal Angina need to avoid?

- smoking - cocaine - beta blockers

Cardiology I Flashcards

(84 cards)