Cardiology I

Question 1

normal rate

Answer 1

60-100

Question 2

normal rhythm

Answer 2

regular

Question 3

normal PR intervals

Answer 3

120-200

Question 4

normal QRS intervals

Answer 4

<120

Question 5

normal QT intervals

Answer 5

<half of RR

Question 6

normal P waves

Answer 6

+ in I, II, III

Question 7

normal QRS axis

Answer 7

+QRS in I, II, aVF

Question 8

sinus PR interval

Answer 8

P and QRS always together, PR>120

Question 9

sinus P waves

Answer 9

+ in I, II, III

Question 10

tachycardia rate

Answer 10

> 100

Question 11

bradycardia rate

Answer 11

<60

Question 12

long PR

Answer 12

> 200

Question 13

short PR

Answer 13

<120

Question 14

wide QRS

Answer 14

> 120

Question 15

long QT

Answer 15

> 44, more than half of RR interval

Question 16

right axis deviation (RVH, PE, lat. MI, etc)

Answer 16

-QRS in I

Question 17

left axis deviation (LVH, LBBB, inf. MI, etc)

Answer 17

-QRS in II, aVF

Question 18

right axis deviation differential

Answer 18

RVH, PE, lat. MI

Question 19

left axis deviation differential

Answer 19

LVH, LBBB, inf. MI

Question 20

RAE P wave

Answer 20

Peaked (>2.5 mm). Can also mean hypokalemia.

Question 21

LAE P wave

Answer 21

Bifid!

Question 22

right ventricular hypertrophy QRS

Answer 22

R>S in V1

Question 23

left ventricular hypertrophy QRS

Answer 23

+S in V1, big R in R6

Question 24

MI QRS

Answer 24

Pathologic Q (deep and wide)

Question 25

right bundle branch block ST

Answer 25

rabbit ears in V1

Question 26

left bundle branch block ST

Answer 26

RR' in V4-V6

Question 27

acute STEMI

Answer 27

ST elevated (baseline ↓)

Question 28

acute NSTEMI

Answer 28

ST depression (multiple coronary involvement)

Question 29

four factors to increase contractiliy and stroke volume

Answer 29

catecholamines, ↑Intracellular Ca, ↓Extracellular Na, digoxin

Question 30

four factors to decrease contractility and stroke volume

Answer 30

beta blockers, heart failure, verapamil, diltiazem

Question 31

normal RA pressure

Answer 31

5

Question 32

normal RV pressure

Answer 32

25/5

Question 33

normal PA pressure

Answer 33

25/10

Question 34

normal PCWP pressure

Answer 34

10

Question 35

normal LA pressure

Answer 35

10

Question 36

normal LV pressure

Answer 36

120/10

Question 37

normal aorta pressure

Answer 37

120/80

Question 38

ANS response to exercise

Answer 38

↑Sympathetic tone, ↓Parasympathetic

Question 39

HR response to exercise

Answer 39

↑↑

Question 40

SV response to exercise

Answer 40

↑

Question 41

CO response to exercise

Answer 41

↑↑

Question 42

Venous Return response to exercise

Answer 42

↑

Question 43

MAP response to exercise

Answer 43

↑

Question 44

TPR response to exercise

Answer 44

↓↓ (vasodilation in muscles)

Question 45

A-v O2 Difference in exercise

Answer 45

↑↑ (O2 consumption by tissues)

Question 46

decreases in response to hemorrhage

Answer 46

carotid sinus firing rate

Question 47

increases in response to hemorrhage

Answer 47

HR, SV, CO, TPR, renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, epinephrin, ADH

Question 48

inotropes net effect

Answer 48

increases cardiac output

Question 49

inotropes mechanism

Answer 49

increases ventricular contractile force

Question 50

beta blockers net affect

Answer 50

increases cardiac output

Question 51

beta blockers mechanism

Answer 51

decreases heart rate, increases filling time

Question 52

nitrates net effect

Answer 52

decreases preload

Question 53

nitrates mechanism

Answer 53

venodilation

Question 54

diuretics net effects

Answer 54

decreases preload

Question 55

diuretics mechanism

Answer 55

decreases intravascular volume

Question 56

ACEis, hydralazine net effect

Answer 56

decreases afterload

Question 57

ACEis, hydralazine mechanism

Answer 57

arteriodilation