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Cardiology > Cardiology overview > Flashcards

Cardiology overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are the consequences when the myocardium malfunctions?

A

heart failure

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2
Q

What are the consequences when the valves malfunction?

A

heart failure

endocarditis

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3
Q

What are the consequences when the conduction system malfunctions?

A

arrhythmia

- tachy, brady, sudden death

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4
Q

What are the consequences when the coronary blood supply malfunctions?

A

angina

myocardial infarction

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5
Q

What are the 5 types of bradycardia and their symptoms?

A

sinus bradycardia (asymptomatic, tired)
slow atrial fibrillation/flutter (tired, dizzy, breathless)
2nd degree heart block (none, dizzy)
3rd degree heart block (tired, dizzy, breathless, sudden death, syncope)
asystole (sudden death)

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6
Q

What are some causes of sinus bradycardia?

A

drugs, fitness, conduction disease, hypothyroidism

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7
Q

What are some causes of slow atrial fibrillation or flutter?

A

The same as atrial fibrillation

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8
Q

What are some causes 2nd degree heart block?

A

drugs, conduction disease, age, surgery, aortic endocarditis

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9
Q

What are some causes of 3rd degree heart block?

A

drugs, conduction disease, age, surgery, aortic endocarditis

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10
Q

What are some causes of asytole?

A

same causes as ventricular tachycardia, conduction disease

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11
Q

How would you treat bradycardia?

A

pacemaker

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12
Q

What are the 3 main types of tachycardia and their symptoms?

A 
atrial fibrillation/flutter (none, tired, dizzy, breathless, palpitations, 'off')
supraventricular tachy (intermittent palpitations, syncope, presyncope)
ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia (dizzy, breathless, sudden death, syncope)
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13
Q

What are some causes of atrial fibrillation/flutter?

A

Anything that causes atrial stretch - hypertension, HF, valve disease, lung disease, obesity, age, hyperthyroid

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14
Q

What are some causes of supraventricular tachycardia?

A

accessory pathways e.g. WPW

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15
Q

What are the causes of ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia?

A

anything that affects ventricles - heart failure, cardiomyopathy, drugs, metabolic derangement, severe disease, genetic

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16
Q

How would you treat atrial fibrillation/flutter?

A

rate - betablockers, digoxin, CCB

anticoagulate with warfarin/NOAC if high stroke risk

17
Q

How would you treat supraventricular tachycardia?

A 
vagal manoevers
IV adenosine
DC cardioversion (shock)
reccurent attacks - betablockers, flecaindie 
ablation
18
Q

How would you treat ventricular fibillation/tachycardia?

A

immediate DC cardioversoin
anti-arrythmic - betablockers, amiodarone
implantable cardioverter defibrillator

19
Q

When someone has heart problems what are the 4 apsects you check? How would you check for each?

A

myocardium (BNP, transthoracic/oesophageal echo, myocardial perfusion scan)
valves (BNP, echos)
conduction system (ECG, holter monitors, implantable loop recorder)
coronary arteries (CT coronary angiogram, invasive angiogram, myocardial perfusion scan)

20
Q

What are some cardiovascular causes of syncope?

A

arrhythmia
aortic stenosis
vasovagal

21
Q

What are some cardiac causes of chest pain?

A

IHD - angina, unstable angina, MI
pericarditis
aortic dissection
aortic stenosis

22
Q

What are some non-cardiac causes of chest pain?

A 
pneumonia, pulmonary infection
pneumothorax 
neuromuscular - nerve root pain, fibromyalgia 
herpes zoster
trauma
oesophageal pain e.g. reflux 
non-organic
23
Q

What are some causes of low blood pressure?

A

Shock - haemorrhagic, septic, cardiogenic
postural hypotension - autonomic neuropathy, iatrogenic
Addison’s
anorexia

24
Q

What are some cardiac causes of oedema?

A

congestive cardiac failure - ischaemic, valvular, myopathic, copulmonale, hypertensive
venous stasis - inferior vena cava obstruction

25
Q

What are some non-cardiac causes of oedema?

A

hypoproteinaemia - liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition
pre-eclampsia
venous stasis - varicose veins, DVT

26
Q

What are some causes of hypertension?

A

essential hypertension
hypertension in pregnancy - pre-eclampsia
renal disease - diabetic nephropathy

27
Q

What are some causes of cardiac arrest/sudden death?

A 
myocardial infarction 
cardiomyopathy 
ventricular arrhthmia 
drug toxicity e.g. digoxin
elecrolyte abnormalities 
PE
pulmonary embolism, aortic stenosis and dissection
28
Q

What are some cardiac causes of leg pain/swelling?

A

ischaemia - atherosclerostic, emoblic

cardiac failure

29
Q

What are some non-cardiac causes of leg pain/swelling?

A 
DVT
MSK - fractures, goat, OA, RA, cartilage.ligament damage, infective arthritis 
diabetic neuropathy
cellulitis 
growing pain
leg ulcer
30
Q

What are some causes of murmurs?

A

valvular disease - degenerative, rheumatic infective
congenital heart disease
funcitonal murmurs - cardiomyopathy, LV dilation, aortic dissection
innocent - childhood, pregnancy
Marfan’s

31
Q

What are some causes of arrhythmias?

A 
AF
heart block 
sinus tacchycardia 
ventricular ectopics 
supraventricular tachy
ventricular tachy
32
Q

What are some cardiac causes of shortness of breath?

A

heart failure - ischamic, hypertensive, valvular, cardiomyopathic

33
Q

What are some non-cardiac causes of shortness of breath?

A

lung disease - obstructive, restrictive, infective, malignant
pneumothorax
PE
hyperventilation syndrome

34
Q

What tests should you do for someone referred for stable angina?

A

ECG
FBC, U&E, glucose, lipids
CT coronary angiogram

35
Q

What tablets should you use to treat stable angina?

A 
BB 
Aspirin/clopidogrel 
nitrates 
long acting calcium antagonist 
statin - atorvostatin
36
Q

What are some SE of angina medications to look out for?

A

tired and run down from BB

huge headache from GTN

37
Q

What are the triad of signs in pericardial effusion?

A

hypotension, muffled heart sounds, jugular vein distension

Cardiology (5 decks)

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