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Vet Sci IV -Jessie Loberg > Cardiology Part 1: ECGs > Flashcards

Cardiology Part 1: ECGs Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Pericardium

A

Fibroserous outer layer
Fibros= attachement of vessels
Serous= lines the epicardium

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2
Q

Epicardium

A

Protective outer layer of heart muscle

secrets serous fluids

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3
Q

Myocardium

A

the muscle of the heart

thickest at left ventricle

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4
Q

Endocardium

A

lines the heart chambers

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5
Q

Functions of cardio system

A

pumps blood
maintains blood pressure
ensures proper perfusion of tissues

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6
Q

Importance of blood pressure

A

Oxygen and Nutrient transport
Waste product
Hormones

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7
Q

Systole

A

contraction of the heart muscle

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8
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation of the heart muscle

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9
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

SA node
located in the wall of atrium where vena cava enters
initiates the electrical impulse that stimulates contraction

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10
Q

Atrioventricular Node

A

AV Node
located in interatrial septum
transfers impulse from the SA node to the ventricles
causes delay in impulse allowing for complete filling of ventricles

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11
Q

Bundle of HIS

A

Located caudal to the AV node transfers impulse from the AV node to the bundle of branches

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12
Q

L & R Bundle of branches

A

located in the myocardium of the ventricles

transfers impulse to the purkinje fibers

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13
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

transfers impulse to the myocardium

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14
Q

What is an ECG?

A

Recording of electrical activity of the heart

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15
Q

How is the ECG recorded?

A

by placing electrodes on the skin and conducting agents (alcohol or ultrasound gel) then connected to a machine

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16
Q

Lead placement

A

White- Right axillary Black= Left axillary

Green- Right inguinal Red= Left inguinal

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17
Q

P wave

A

small + deflection from baseline
SA node fires and atria depolarized and contracted
part of diastolic phase

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18
Q

PR interval

A

impulse travels to AV node and creates slight delay

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19
Q

QRS complex

A

largest part
impulse moved to ventricles causing depolarization and contraction
part of systolic phase

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20
Q

T wave

A 
\+ or - deflection 
uniform, small 
never more than 25% of the R wave
ventricle is relaxing or re-polarizing 
diastolic phase
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21
Q

ST segment

A

end of ventricular contraction and the beginning of relaxation

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22
Q

RR interval

A

time between ventricular contractions

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23
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

a disruption of electricity in the heart

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24
Q

Causes of an arrhythmia?

Study These Flashcards
A

abnormal site of origin

abnormal rate or rhythm

25
Location
between 3rd and 6th intercostal space
26
Normal K9 & Feline rates
``` k9= 70-120 feline= 120-240 ```
27
Normal sinus rhythm
Normal P,Q,R,S,T rate is normal for the size of the patient consistant R-Rs small P waves
28
Sinus Bradycardia
Regular sinus rhythm with a rate below normal
29
Causes of Sinus Bradycardia
``` Physiologic= ^ vegal tone, lean, trim animals Pathologic= renal failure, ^ potassium, cardiac arrest ```
30
Treatment of Sinus Bradycardia
anticolonergic drug: Atropine or Glycopyrolate
31
Sinus Tachycardia
Regular sinus rhythm with a rate higher than normal Most common arrhythmia in practice! >160 in K9 >240 in Feline
32
Sinus Tachycardia Causes
``` Physiologic= pain, restraint, exercise Pathologic= fever, shock, anemia, hyperthyroidism Drugs= anticolonergics, epinephrine ```
33
Treatment of Sinus Tachycardia
Identify source and control
34
Sinus Arrhythmia
Irregular sinus rhythm that originates in the SA node Inconsistant R-Rs alternating periods of a slow & fast rate Normal in K9 and horses, but never normal in cats
35
Ventricular Premature Contractions
VPC an impulse originated in the ventricles absent or buried P waves wide and bizarre QRS complexes
36
Causes of VPC
``` Cardio myopathy Valve Dz Feline hyperthyroidism Neoplasia Hypoxia ```
37
Signs of VPC
``` Exercise intolerance Weakness Syncope Pulse deficit Sudden Death ```
38
Treatment of VPC
anti-arrhythmic drugs Litacane-K9 Procainamide-Feline
39
Bigeminy
two or less VPCs in a row | pattern of normal and abnormal
40
Ventricular Tachycardia
``` 3 or more VPCs in a row intermittent or sustained absent or buried P wave same causes as VPC can convert to V-Fib ```
41
Treatment of Ventricular Tachycardia
Litacane- K9 Procainamide- Feline CRI= constant rate infusion
42
Ventricular Fibrillation
Ventricular depolarization without co-ordiated activity rapid, chaotic, irregular rhythm no QRS complex and no P waves
43
Causes of V-Fib
``` Severe systemic illness Shock Trauma Cardiac Sx Anesthetic reaction severe hypothermia untreated V-Tach ```
44
Treatment of V-Fib
electrical cardio version (defib) first | anti-arrhythmic second
45
Ventricular Asystole
absence of pacemaker impulses= no depolarization of ventricles escape beat +/-
46
Treatment of Ventricular Asystole
CPCR | Epinephrine- ET
47
Atrial Fibrillation
numerous disorganized atrial impulses that bombard the AV node rapid flutter waves regular appearing ARS complexes at irregular intervals
48
Causes of A-Fib
atrial enlargement | dilated cardiomyopathy
49
Treatment of A-Fib
Digoxin | Quinidine
50
Atrial Standstill
absence of P waves with a regular escape beat | slow escape beat- no normal beats around
51
Causes of Atrial Standstill
Atria Standstill Cardiomyopathy Hyperkalemia
52
Treatment of Atrial Standstill
give fluids | pacemaker if theres a heart problem
53
1st degree AV block
something is blocked at the AV node delay in conduction at AV node normal rate and rhythm prolonged P-R interval
54
Causes of 1st degree AV block
geriatric patient hypothyroid patient No treatment needed
55
2nd degree AV block
occasional P waves without corresponding QRS Regular occurring P waves occasional dropped ARS complexes Common in horses due to ^ vegal tone
56
Treatment of 2nd degree AV block
epinephrine | may not be necessary
57
3rd degree AV block
``` Atrial Ventrical Dissociation Complete block impulse is completely blocked at the AV node Normal P-P at normal rate regular, but slow escape rhythm ```
58
Causes of 3rd degree AV block
congenital cardiomyopathy digitalis toxicity
59
Treatment of 3rd degree AV block
pacemaker

Vet Sci IV -Jessie Loberg (11 decks)

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