Cardiology Prep

Question 1

Fill in the blank:

The and carry blood into the right atrium of the heart

Answer 1

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

Question 2

Fill in the blank: (use Right or Left)

The tricuspid is on the side of the heart, while the mitral valve is located on the side of the heart

Answer 2

The tricuspid is on the right side of the heart, while the mitral valve is located in the left side of the heart

Question 3

The pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Answer 3

Deoxygenated. The pulmonary arteries are the ONLY arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood. All other arteries carry oxygenated blood. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the left atria

Question 4

The right side of the heart contains oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Answer 4

Deoxygenated

Question 5

During systole, which cardiac valves are closed?

Answer 5

Atrioventricular Valves, or Tricuspid and Mitral (Bicuspid) Valves

Question 6

What causes the S2 heart sound (the “dub”)?

Answer 6

Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves

Question 7

Does the S2 sound mark the end of Systole or Diastole in the Cardiac cycle?

Answer 7

Systole (S is for systole!)

Question 8

Where on the chest do you listen with your stethoscope to auscultate normal or abnormal tricuspid valve sounds?

Answer 8

Right 4th-5th intercostal space along the edge of the sternal border

Question 9

Where on the chest do you listen with your stethoscope to auscultate for normal or abnormal aortic valve sounds?

Answer 9

Right 2nd intercostal space along the sternal border

Question 10

Where on the chest do you listen with your stethoscope to auscultate normal or abnormal mitral valve sounds?

Answer 10

Left 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line

Question 11

Fill in the blank:

In systole the ventricles (contract/relax), and in diastole the atria (contract/relax)

Answer 11

In systole the ventricles contract, and in diastole the atria contract

Question 12

Fill in the blank:

In systole the and valves are open, and in diastole the and are open

Answer 12

In systole the aortic and pulmonic valves are open, and in diastole the tricuspid and mitral valves are open

Question 13

True or False:

In diastole, the ventricles relax and empty out blood

Answer 13

FALSE: In diastole, the ventricles relax and FILL up with blood. In systole, the ventricles contract and PUSH OUT OR EMPTY OUT blood.

Question 14

Where are the 2 location sites for the baroreceptors that help regulate blood pressure changes?

Answer 14

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

Question 15

What part of the EKG tracing represents ventricular depolarization?

Answer 15

The QRS Complex

Question 16

Which part of the heart do leads V1 and V2 on an EKG represent?

Answer 16

The septum. Leads V1 and V2 are considered the septal leads

Question 17

What two arteries branch off of the left main coronary artery?

Answer 17

Left Anterior Descending and Circumflex

Question 18

What are the inferior leads on an EKG?

Answer 18

ll, lll, aVF

Question 19

What artery supplies the inferior lateral heart?

Answer 19

The right coronary artery

Question 20

What does a P wave on an EKG represent?

Answer 20

Atrial Depolarization

Question 21

What is the most common cause of systolic HF?

Answer 21

Ischemic Heart Disease

Question 22

What atrial tachyarrythmia classically lacks p waves on EKG?

Answer 22

Atrial Fibrillation

Question 23

What is the most common cause of Diastolic HF?

Answer 23

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Question 24

What extra heart sound do you typically hear when someone has known LVH from Essential HTN?

Answer 24

S4

Question 25

What two variables determine Cardiac Output?

Answer 25

Heart rate and Stroke Volume

Question 26

What 3 main components determine Stroke Volume?

Answer 26

Preload, Afterload, Contractility

Question 27

Which class of antihypertensive help decrease afterload the best?

Answer 27

ACE/ARBs

Question 28

Explain the mechanism of action for ACE Inhibitors?

Answer 28

Blocks the Ace converting Enzyme (ACE) which converts angiontensin l to angiotensin ll an hydrolyzes bradykinin. Therefore, it blocks the vasoconstrictive action of angiotensin ll as well as the reabsorption of Na (which also decreases water reabsorption) and leads to an excess of bradykinin which is a vasodilator

Question 29

Explain the mechanism of action of beta blockers

Answer 29

Blocks the effects of beta 1 receptors leading to a decrease in heart rate and decrease in contractility force with each beat. B1 receptors are also responsible for stimulating renin production from the kidney for the RAAS system (responsible for Na & H2O reabsorption, so it blocks this.

Question 30

What part of the heart do leads V2-V4 on an EKG represent? What artery supplies that area of the heart?

Answer 30

Anterior aspect of the heart. The left anterior descending artery

Question 31

What part of the cardiac output formula do diuretics impact?

Answer 31

Stroke volume (increase H20 excretion)

Question 32

What is the MAIN difference between unstable angina and an NSTEMI in ACS?

Answer 32

NSTEMI has the history plus there is an infarction with a POSITIVE Troponin

Question 33

If someone has a significant history of asthma, which class of antihypertensive would NOT be your first choice?

Answer 33

B-blockers. They can act on the beta-2 adrenergic receptors that are responsible for smooth muscle relaxation. This can cause a vasoconstrictive effect and bronchoconstriction/bronchospasm effect

Question 34

What is considered a provoked DVT?

Answer 34

Having a DVT with a triggering event- risk factors such as major surgery, trauma, immobility (bedbound), pregnancy or puerperium, or history of hormonal therapy (oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapy).

Question 35

What is the gold standard treatment for acute STEMI?

Answer 35

PCI

Question 36

What is the goal door-to-balloon time for an acute STEMI in the ER?

Answer 36

90 minutes or less from the time a STEMI is diagnosed until the time patient undergoes PCI (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention)

Question 37

What criteria assists in helping you determine if someone is at risk for a PE?

Answer 37

Well's Criteria (Clinical signs and symptoms of a DVT, HR\>100, known malignancy or malignancy treatment within last 6 months immobilization for atleast 3 days or surgery within the last 4 weeks, Hemoptysis, PE is leading differential)

Question 38

What lab test can be used as a diagnostic tool to help rule out a DVT/PE?

Answer 38

D-Dimer (Normal is \<0.5)

Question 39

# Fill in the blank: Systolic Heart failure means the ventricle can't (_pump/fill up)_ correctly. Diastolic Heart failure means the ventricle can't (pump/fill up) correctly

Answer 39

Systolic HF means the ventricle can't pump the blood out correctly. Diastolic HF means the ventricle can't fill up correctly.

Question 40

What are the 3 components of Becks triad?

Answer 40

Muffled heart sounds, Jugular venous distention, hypotension

Question 41

Your patient has chest pain, and their EKG demonstrates DIFFUSE ST-elevation. What is your most likely diagnosis?

Answer 41

Pericarditis

Question 42

You have a child with a known diagnosis of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. You appreciate a systolic murmur on examination. You then ask the patient to bear down. Do you expect the murmur to increase or decrease?

Answer 42

Increase. Valsalva decreases left ventricle pre-load. Memory trick: Think of a milk jug or pop bottle, when it is more empty and you shake it, its louder when it has not been open. The decrease in volume causes the murmur to become more noticeable

Question 43

What lab do you need to monitor if they are on a statin? (Besides a lipid panel)

Answer 43

Liver enzyme (3 months after starting the medication, and then annually).