Cardiology Unit 1, Structure and Function of the Cardio System Flashcards
1
Q
Where is the heart located?
A
In the Thoracic Cavity Between the 2 lungs
2
Q
Where does 2/3 of the heart lie?
A
Left of the Midline
3
Q
What forms the base of the heart?
A
Atria
4
Q
Where is the apex of the heart located?
A
It is the pointed end of the heart, formed by the tip of the left ventricle (lower chamber of the heart)
5
Q
What is the heart surrounded by?
A
Pericardium: Protects and holds the heart in place
6
Q
What are the 2 parts of the Pericardium?
A
Fibrous Pericardium: Tough, inelastic and outer connective tissue
Serous Pericardium: Thinner, delicate and forms double layer around the heart
7
Q
How does the Pericardium function?
A
- Anchoring in place (attached to diaphragm)
2. Prevents it from over stretching
8
Q
What are the 2 layers of the Serous Pericardium?
A
- Parietal Layer: Fused to the fibrous pericardium
2. Visceral Layer: Adheres tightly to the heart
9
Q
What is the fluid located between the two layers of the Serous pericardium?
A
Pericardial Fluid
10
Q
What is the function of Pericardial fluid?`
A
Prevents friction between the membranes as the heart moves
11
Q
How many layers make up the heart wall?
A
3
12
Q
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
A
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
13
Q
What layer of the heart wall is known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, and is the thin, transparent outer layer of the wall?
A
Epicardium
14
Q
What layer of the heart wall consists of Cardiac muscle tissue, is responsible for the pumping action of the heart?
A
Myocardium
15
Q
Which layer of the heart wall is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the myocardium and covers the valves of the heart and the tendons attached to the valves?
A
Endocardium
16
Q
How many chambers does the heart have?
A
4
17
Q
What are the 2 upper chambers of the heart?
A
The Atria
18
Q
What are the 2 lower chambers of the heart?
A
Ventricles
19
Q
What separates the right and left atrium?
A
Atrial Septum
20
Q
What separates the right and left ventricles?
A
Interventricular Septum
21
Q
Which chambers are the thinnest?
A
Atria, because they dump their blood into the ventricles
22
Q
What chambers are thicker?
A
Ventricles: Because they pump blood to the entire body
23
Q
How many valves does the heart have?
A
4
24
Q
What are the 4 valves of the heart?
A
2 Atrioventricular valves:
Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid Valve : Known as the Mitral Valve
2 Semilunar valves:
Aortic Valve
Pulmonic Valve
25
How many cusps does the Tricuspid valve have?
3
26
How many cusps does the bicuspid valve have?
2
27
What structure prevents the valve cusps from pushing up into the atria when ventricles contract?
Chordae Tendineae
28
What structure(s) of the heart drain oxygenated blood from the upper and lower body into the right atrium?
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
29
What structure of the heart drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins into the right atrium?
Coronary Sinus
30
Which structure of the heart carries blood to the lungs?
The Pulmonary trunk which splits into the right and left pulmonary artery
31
Which structure(s) carries oxygenated blood from the lungs and carries it to the left atrium?
Pulmonary Veins
32
What structure of the heart empties into the left ventricle which then pumps blood into the aorta?
Left Atrium
33
Which structure of the heart carries oxygenated blood to the entire body from the left ventricle?
Aorta
34
Describe the blood flow through the heart
1. Deoxygenated blood entes the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava or coronary sinuses
2. Drains into the right atrium
3. empties into the right ventricle
4. Blood is then pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk and left and right pulmonary arteries to be oxygenated
5. After oxygenation, blood is pumped to the heart via the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
6. Left Atrium empties into the left ventricle
7. Blood is pumped to the rest of the body via the aorta
35
What is blood flow through the myocardium?
Coronary Circulation
36
What are the 2 principle coronary vessels?
Right Coronary Artery
| Left Coronary Artery
37
What do the coronary arteries supply?
They supply the heart with 02 rich blood
38
What is the coronary sinus responsible for?
Collect's the heart's deoxygenated blood and returns it to the right atrium
39
Where does the cardiac excitation normally begin?
Sinoatrial Node (SA)
40
Where does the cardiac excitation go after it leaves the SA node?
Atria (via Bachmann's bundle) causing a contraction
41
After leaving the Atria where does the cardiac excitation go?
Atrioventricular (AV) node
42
Where does the cardiac excitation go after the AV node?
AV bundle branches (known as the bundle of his)
43
Where does the cardiac excitation go after the AV bundle?
Right and Left Bundle Branches
44
Where is the last stop for the cardiac excitation?
Purkinje Fibers
45
On an EKG, what does the P wave represent?
Atrial Depolarization
46
On an EKG, What does the QRS Complex represent?
Ventricular Depolarization (masks atrial repolarization due to size)
47
On an EKG, what does the T wave represent?
Ventricular Repolarization
48
How long does one heart beat (cardiac cycle) last?
0.8 seconds
49
How many phases exist in the cardiac cycle?
3
50
What phase of the cardiac cylce is responsible for: ventricles begin to relax and repolarize all four chambers of the heart, including the atria enter into a period of diastole (dilation) during diastole, the ventricles are filled to 75%
Relaxation Period
51
What phase of the cardiac cylce is responsible for: (Contraction) both atria depolarize. After depolarization the last 25% of blood is ejected from the atria to the ventricles
Atrial Systole
52
What phase of the cardiac cylce is responsible for: (contraction) The ventricles depolarize then contract ejecting the blood into either the pulmonary trunk (right ventricle) or the aorta (left ventricle?
Ventricular Systole
53
What is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta per minute called?
Cardiac Output
54
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
Stroke volume x heart rate
55
How many type of blood vessels are there?
5 Main Types of Blood Vessels
56
Which blood vessel is thick, triple layered that carries blood away from the heart?
Arteries
57
Which blood vessels are thin and formed by arteries branching down in size?
Arterioles
58
Which vessels are hair-like, microscopic and found throughout the body?
Capillaries
59
Which vessels are very thin are are formed when capillaries reunite?
Venules
60
Which vessels are designated to return deoxygenated blood to the heart to be oxygenated?
Veins
61
How much total volume of blood do veins hold?
64%
62
What vessels have the following characteristics?
- Very small lumens which cause blood to move through them very slowly
- Moves nutrients and otehr substances in and out efficiently
Capillaries
63
What is it called when local tissues are able to adjust blood flow into an area according to metabolic demands via vasodilators and vasoconstrictors?
Autoregulation
64
Where does the slowest rate of blood flow occur?
In the Capillaries
65
What happens to the excess fluid in the blood stream?
It is returned to the circulatory system via the lymphatic system
66
What is defined as pressure exerted on the walls of the vessels as the ventricles contract/
Blood Pressure
67
Where is the highest blood pressure in the body found?
In the Aorta and the large systemic arteries
68
How much blood is found inside the cardiovascular system?
5 liters or 5.3 quarts
69
What can increase blood pressure in the body?
Anything that increase blood volume (for example: water retention will increase blood presssure)
70
How much blood loss or volume is considered potentially life threatening?
10%
71
What is it called when there is an opposition to flow?
Vascular Resistance
72
What are some things that can cause vascular resistance?
- Smaller Lumen
- Greater Vessel Length
- Higher Viscosity
73
What controls the blood flow within the body?
The Brain
74
What controls the medulla oblangata?
Neural and Hormonal Feedback from 3 main types of receptors
75
What type of receptors monitor movements of joints and muscles?
Proprioceptors
76
What type of receptors monitor the pressure in the aorta and the carotid arteries?
Baroreceptors
77
What type of receptors are located in the arch of the aorta and carotid arteries that stimulate sympathetic and parasympathetic response to chemical changes in the body?
Chemoreceptors
78
How many circulation paths of blood are in the body?
2
79
What are the 2 circulation pathways of blood in the body?
Systemic Circulation
| Pulmonary Circulation
80
Which circulation pathway has Arteries and arterioles that carry oxygen and nutrient rich blood throughout the body, veins and venules that carry carbon dioxide and waste to the right atrium?
Systemic Circulation
81
Which blood returns to the heart and goes into the right atrium to be oxygenated?
Deoxygenated Blood
82
Which circulation pathway pumps blood to the right ventricle to the lungs, picks up oxygen and returns via pulmonary veins to the left atria?
Pulmonary Circulation
83
What are the principle branches of teh aorta?
- The Ascending Aorta
- Arch of the Aorta
- Thoracic Descending Aorta
- Abdominal Descending Aorta
84
Which arteries branch off the Ascending aorta?
Right and Left Coronary Arteries
85
What structures are attached to teh Arch of the Aorta?
Brachiocephalic Trunk which branches into the Right Common Artery, External Carotid and Internal Carotid Arteries
86
What does the Right Subclavian Artery supply?
Major branch to the brain called the right verterbral artery
87
Where does the Left Common carotid artery supply blood to?
Left side of the head and neck
88
Where does the Right common carotid artery supply blood to?
Right side of head and neck
89
Where does the Left Subclavian artery supply blood to?
Left Upper Limb
90
What do the Subclavain arteries connect to?
Bronchial Arteries
Esophageal Arteries
Posterior Intercostal Arteries
Superior Intercostal Arteries
91
Where does the Abdominal Aorta supply blood to?
Celiac Trunk which branches into:
- Inferior Phrenic Arteries
- Common Hepatic Artery
- Left Gastric Artery
- Splenic Artery
- Superior Mesenteric Artery
- Suprarenal Arteries
- Renal Arteries
- Gonadal Arteries
- Inferior mesenteric artery
- Common Iliac Arteries
92
Where does the Common Iliac Arteries supply blood to?
External iliac Arteries, which supply the following:
- Femoral Arteries
- Popliteal Arteries
- Anterior Tibial Arteries
- Posterior Tibial Arteries
- Medial and Lateral Plantar Arteries
And the Internal iliac Arteries
93
What is the pressure generated by the heart that creates a pressure difference in the circulatory system and this pressure difference helps to push the blood in one direction to empty it into the right atrium?
Contractions of the Heart
94
What squeezes the veins pushing their vein contents upward and because of one way valves, the blood only flows in one direction to the heart?
The Skeletal Pump
95
What Decreases thoracic pressure, increases abdominal pressure which enhances blood flow to the heart, allows refilling of abdominal veins which is then pumped to the thoracic veins and to the heart, this pressure pushes the blood in one direction to the right atrium where the pressure is approximately 0 mmhg?
The Respiratory Pump
96
How many veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart?
3
97
Which vein is the main vein to drain the heart?
Coronary Sinus
98
Which vein empties blood drained from the head, neck, chest and upper limb into the superior portion of the right atria?
Superior Vena Cava
99
Which vein is the largest vein in the body, drains the abdomen, pelvis and lower extremities into the inferior portion of the right atria?
Inferior Vena Cava
100
How many veins drain blood from the head?
3
101
Which vein drains blood from the cranial bones, meninges, and the brain?
Internal Jugular
102
Which vein drains blood from the scalp and face?
External Jugular
103
Which vein drains blood from the cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord and neck muscles?
Vertebral Veins
104
How many principle veins drain the upper body?
3
105
Which vein drains the lateral aspect of the upper limb?
Cephalic Veins
106
Which vein drains the medial aspect of the upper limb?
Basilic Veins
107
Which vein drains the palms and forearms?
Median Antecubital Veins
108
Which veins drain the lateral aspect of the forearm?
Radial Veins
109
Which veins drain the medial aspect of the forearm?
Ulnar Veins
110
Which veins drain the Forearms, elbow joints and arms?
Brachial Veins
111
Which veins drain the arms, axillae and upper part of the the chest wall?
Axillary Veins
112
Which veins drains the arms, neck and thoracic wall?
Subclavian Veins
113
What is the process called that drains blood from the GI tract and spleen into the hepatic portal vein, then delivers it to the liver to be processed and absorb substances from the GI tract, the blood then returns to systemic circulation through the hepatic veins?
Hepatic Portal Circulation
114
How many principle veins drain the lower bodfy?
Six
1) Great Saphenous Veins
2) Small Saphenous Veins
3) Posterior Tibial Veins
4) Anterior Tibial Veins
5) Popliteal Veins
6) Femoral Veins
115
Which superficial veins drain the leg, thigh, groin external genetials and abdominal wall?
Great Saphenous Veins
116
Which superficial veins drain the foot and leg?
Small Saphenous Veins
117
Which deep veins drain the foot and posterior leg muslces?
Posterior Tibial Veins
118
Which deep veins drain the ankle joint, knee joint, tibiofibular joint and anterior leg?
Anterior Tibial Veins
119
Which deep veins drain the skin, muscles and bones of the knee?
Popiteal Veins
120
Which deep veins drain the muscles of the thigh, femurs, external genitalia and superficial lymph nodes?
Femoral Veins
121
Which common arteries are used to asses a pulse?
1) Radial Artery
2) Carotid Artery
3) Brachial Artery
4) Popliteal Artery
122
What is considered a normal heart rate?
75 BPM
123
What heart rate is considered Bradycardic?
Below 60 BPM
124
What heart rate is considered Tachycardic?
Above 100 BPM
125
What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?
Sphygmomanometer
126
What is considered a normal Systolic (top number) pressure?
120 mm Hg
127
What is considered a normal diastolic (lower number) pressure?
80 mm Hg
128
What can happen to the heart as we age?
1) Stiffening of the Aorta occurs
2) Loss of Cardiac Muscle Strength, which reduces CO and increase systolic pressure
3) Factors above can lead to a risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) and artherosclerosis
129
What is considered regular exercise that is conducive to good heart health?
20 mins, 3-5 times weekly
130
What are examples of recommended cardio exercises?
1) Brisk Walking
| 2) Running Cross Country
131
What are some benefits of exercise?
1) Maintaining a low resting heart rate (40-60 BPM)
2) Better control of blood pressure
3) Decreases anxiety and depression
4) Controls Weight
5) Increases body's ability to dissolve bloodd clots by increasing fibrinolytic activity
