Cardiophysiology

Question 1

4 types of tissue

Answer 1

nervous, muscle, epithelial and connective tissue

Question 2

3 types of muscular tissue

Answer 2

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Question 3

where is the heart located

Answer 3

within the thorax, on the left

Question 4

arteries

Answer 4

carry blood away from the heart

Question 5

veins

Answer 5

carry blood toward the heart

Question 6

ascending aorta

Answer 6

feeds the brain and the upper body

Question 7

descending aorta

Answer 7

feeds lower body

Question 8

coronary artery

Answer 8

ring around the heart; feeds the heart

Question 9

ischemia

Answer 9

reduce blood flow to a body part, such as the brain

Question 10

right coronary artery feeds

Answer 10

right ventricle, and consequently the lungs

Question 11

left coronary artery feeds

Answer 11

left ventricle, and consequently the rest of the body

Question 12

deoxygenated blood

Answer 12

is pumped into pulmonary (lungs) circuit by the right side of the heart

Question 13

oxygenated blood

Answer 13

comes back from the pulmonary system and the left side of the heart distributes it

Question 14

valve

Answer 14

ensure one-way blood flow

Question 15

LAB RAT

Answer 15

left atrium bicuspid; right atrium tricuspid

Question 16

heart mummer

Answer 16

irregular heart beat caused by leak in the valve

Question 17

blood flow

Answer 17

1) right atrium
2) through the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle
3) through pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk and arteries
4) within pulmonary capillaries blood becomes oxygenated
5) the oxygenated blood goes to the pulmonary veins
6) left atrium to bicuspid valve
7) left ventricle to aortic valve
8) aorta & systemic arteries
9) within the systemic capillaries, the blood becomes deoxygenated
10) superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus carry the blood back to the right atrium

Question 18

autorhythmic cells function

Answer 18

make action potentials without the nervous system stimulation

Question 19

autorhythmic cell cycle

Answer 19

1) when the membrane potential is -60mV; If channels open (K+ and Na+ channels open; Na+ rushes into the cell faster than K+ leaves, and the threshold increases)
2) at -40mV, the If channels closes and the Ca2+ T-channels open and Ca2+ rushes in. Ca2+ L-channels (slow) also opens -> action potential rising phase
3) at the peak of the A.P., the Ca2+ T-channels first close, then the L-channels and slow K+ channels open causing repolarization to -60mV
4) at -60mV the process starts again

Question 20

SA node causes

Answer 20

waves of action potential across the atrium and forces the blood down the ventricle

Question 21

contractile cells function

Answer 21

moves blood through the heart

Question 22

contractile cells process

Answer 22

1) resting potential is at -96 mV
2) initial depolarization via Na+ influx (Na+ channels open); threshold is -52mV
3) repolarization when Cl- and K+ go out the cell
4) plateau phase due Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux
5) repolarization due to K+ slowly leaving the cell

Question 23

systole

Answer 23

heart contraction

Question 24

diastole

Answer 24

ventricle relaxes

Question 25

order of stimultion

Answer 25

SA node -> AV node -> bundle of His -> branches to left and right ventricles -> purkinje fibers

Question 26

automatic nervous system

Answer 26

controls heart rate

Question 27

sympathetic

Answer 27

fight or flight; raises heart rate via catecholamines increasing Na+ influx and calcium cycling in autorhythmic cells -> faster depolarization & recovery

Question 28

parasypathetic

Answer 28

slows heart rate via Ach increasing K+ efflux lessening Na+ influx in autorhythmic cells

Question 29

EKG

Answer 29

measures electrical conduction in the heart

Question 30

P wave

Answer 30

atrial depolarization

Question 31

QRS complex

Answer 31

ventricle depolarization (also atrial repolarization but it is "buried" )

Question 32

T wave

Answer 32

recovery wave; ventricle repolarization

Question 33

pressure - volume loop

Answer 33

relationship between ventricular volume and fluid pressure

Question 34

isovolumetric ventricular contraction

Answer 34

first heart sound; blood hits against valve

Question 35

ventricular ejection

Answer 35

semi-lunars open, blood leaves ventricle; amount moved: ESV-EDV

Question 36

isovolumetric ventricular relexation

Answer 36

same volume, decreased blood pressure

Question 37

cardiac output (Q)

Answer 37

measures volume in the heart (beat per minute / L per beat) ; average is 5L

Question 38

two P waves on an EKG

Answer 38

SA node is fine, but AV node has issues

Question 39

semilunar valves

Answer 39

aortic and pulmonary valve

Question 40

bicuspid valve is also called

Answer 40

mitral valve

Question 41

what starts the heart cycle

Answer 41

the firing of the SA node depolarizes the atria (P-wave)

Question 42

what is sound 1

Answer 42

after atrial systole, when the blood is pushed from the atrium to the ventricles, the blood wants to go back up where the pressure is lower. However the valves (tricuspid and mitral) are closed, so the turbulence causes the sound

Question 43

what is sound 2

Answer 43

ventricle pressure is falls below the pulmonary and aortic pressures and the semilunar valves closes (the blood wants to go back to low blood pressure, but it can't)

Question 44

isovolumetric contration

Answer 44

ventricles is filled with the blood from the atrium and the ventricle contracts while the semilunar valves are closed; the ventricle pressure increases, while the volume remains the same

Question 45

ventricular systole

Answer 45

starts when the ventricle pressure is higher than the aortic and pulmonary valves, the semilunar valves open, and blood rushes out the ventricle ventricular repolarization begins, ventricular pressure falls and the rate of ejection is lower

Question 46

early ventricular diastole

Answer 46

semilunar valves close (S2), the ventricle relaxes but the valves are closed -> pressure decreases while the volume stays the same

Question 47

late ventricular diastole

Answer 47

ventricular pressure drops below the atrial pressure (it was filling up with blood during the ventricular diastole), the tricuspid and mitral valves (AV valves) open, and the blood flows to the ventricle

Question 48

atrial systole

Answer 48

atrial depolarization, atria contracts and its pressure increases, forcing blood into the ventricles

Question 49

ESV

Answer 49

end systolic volume (blood in ventricle after contraction)

Question 50

EDV

Answer 50

end diastolic volume ( ventricle is filled with blood)

Question 51

cardiac output (Q)

Answer 51

stroke volume * heart beat

Question 52

vasoconstriction

Answer 52

increase resistance, reduce blood flow counterbalance by increasing pressure

Question 53

dilation

Answer 53

decrease resistance, (pressure increases)