cardiopulm 2 - pathology of the heart and blood vessels

Question 1

what is an aneursym

Answer 1

a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel

Question 2

what is angina pectoris

Answer 2

a precordial session of pressure or discomfort resultsing from myocardial ischemia

result of inadquate dblood flow and oxy of the heart

Question 3

what is stable agina

Answer 3

occurs at a predicaable level of exertion , exercise, or stress and responds to nitroglycerin

Question 4

what is unstable agina

Answer 4

normally more intense

last longer

precipitated by less ecertion or spnotaneously at rest

Question 5

what causes agina pectoris

Answer 5

inadequate blood flow and oxygenation of the heart

mostly 2/2 cornary art disease

Question 6

what is prinzmental angina

Answer 6

this is angina 2/2 coronary art spasm

often associated with cornary art disease

Question 7

how does agina normally present

Answer 7

heaviness, pressures, squeezing, burn, aching pain of the sternum

it is normally trigger by strong emotion and goes away w/ rest

Question 8

what is the medication normally given to those w/ angina

Answer 8

nitroglycerin

Question 9

what is atheroclerosis

Answer 9

a slow progressive accumaltion of fatty plaques on the inner walls of the arteries

these plaques can restrict blood flow

Question 10

what is claudication

Answer 10

pain in the legs or arms that occurs while walking or using the arms.

The pain is caused by too little blood flow to the legs or arms.

Question 11

what is an angioplasty

Answer 11

a non-surgical procedure that opens blocked or narrowed coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart

Question 12

what is cardiomyopathy

Answer 12

group of conditions that effect the myocardium

impairs the hearts ability to contract and relax

Question 13

are there any early signs of cardiomyopathy

Answer 13

no

Question 14

what are the later signs of cardiomyopathy

Answer 14

dyspnea - w/ exerction or rest

swelling of the legs, ankle, feet

bloating of the abd due to build up

irregular heart beat

LH and fainting

Question 15

what is dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 15

the chambers of the heart thin and stretch

effect the ability of the heart to pump blood

Question 16

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 16

the walls of the left ventricle become thick and stiff.

Over time, the heart can’t take in or pump out enough blood during each heartbeat to supply the body’s needs.

Question 17

what are the meds often used for dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 17

ACE inhibitors

beta blockers

digoxin

diuretics

Question 18

what are the med often used for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 18

Lopressor

Ca channel blockers

Question 19

what is restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 19

when the walls of the ventricles become rigid

Question 20

what is chronic venous insufficiency

Answer 20

a condition in which the viens and the valves in the LE are damaged and cannot keep blood flowing towards the heart

this causes the veins to remain full w/ blood

Question 21

what are the signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency

Answer 21

leg swelling

varicose viens

aching heaviness or cramping

itchy

redness

skin ulcers of the LE

Question 22

what is the treatment for CVI

Answer 22

compression stocking

elevate legs

Question 23

how do compression stocking help prevennt DVT

Answer 23

help to encourage blood flow back to the heart and prevent blood from pooling

Question 24

what is a atrial septal defect

Answer 24

a hole in the wall separating the left and right atrium

the foruman ovale does no close at birth

Question 25

what is cor pulmonale

Answer 25

also known as - pulmonary heart disease hypertrophy of the right ventricle caused by altered structure or function of the lungs

Question 26

what are signs and sym of cor pulmonale

Answer 26

progressive SOB especially w/ exertion

Question 27

what is cornary artery disease

Answer 27

a narrowing or blockage of the cornary art resulting in decreased blood flow

Question 28

what are the risk factors of CAD

Answer 28

high LDL cholesteral low levels of HDLs DM 2 smoking obesity inactivity

Question 29

what drugs are given to those with CAD

Answer 29

ACE inhibitors angiotensin II recptor blockers statins

Question 30

what is a DVT

Answer 30

a condition in which a blood clot forms un one or more of the deep viens in the LE this is serious becasue it can break lose and result in the PE

Question 31

what is wells criteria used for

Answer 31

used for those with a suspected DVT

Question 32

what is low risk on wells

Answer 32

<1

Question 33

what is moderate risk on wells

Answer 33

1-2 points

Question 34

what is high risk for wells

Answer 34

> 2

Question 35

what are some of the signs and symtoms of a DVT

Answer 35

swelling pain redness warmth of the effected leg

Question 36

what is endocarditis

Answer 36

inflammation of the endothelium that lines the heart and the cardiac valves caused by bacteria that has entered the blood

Question 37

what are the first line treatment for endocarditis

Answer 37

antiobiotics

Question 38

what is heart failure

Answer 38

CHF when the heart cannot maintain normal cardiac output to meet the bodies demands for blood and oxygen

Question 39

what are the signs and sym of heart failure

Answer 39

SOB swelling of LE and abd fatigue and weakness irregular heart beat w/ S3 od S4 heart sounds weieght gain from fluid retention

Question 40

what is heart murmur

Answer 40

an abdnormal swishing or woshing sound heard

Question 41

what can cause a heart murmur

Answer 41

turbulant blood flow through a narrow or damaged heart valve or a hole in the heart wall

Question 42

what is essential or primary HTn caused by

Answer 42

no known cause

Question 43

what is 2nd HTN caused by

Answer 43

renal disease

Question 44

what is myocardial infraction (MI) also known as

Answer 44

heart attack

Question 45

what is MI

Answer 45

when blood flow through one or more of the cornary arteries is serverly reduceed or cut off completely

Question 46

what are the signs and sym of MI

Answer 46

chest discomfort pressure or squeezing pain SOB discomfort in the shoulder neck or back

Question 47

what is myocarditis

Answer 47

inflammation of weakness of the myocardium can lead to the myocardium to become thick and and swollen

Question 48

what causes myocarditis

Answer 48

usally viral

Question 49

what is peri art diease

Answer 49

stenotic, occlusive, and aneurysmal disease of the aorta and the peri art atheroscelrosis and thromboembolic process that alter the art

Question 50

what are the signs and sym of PAD

Answer 50

fatigue, aching, numbness pain in buttock, calf thigh foot at rest or when walking poorly healing wounds on LE distal hair loss claudication

Question 51

what is intermintant claudication

Answer 51

a circulatory issue that causes pain in the muscles of the lower extremities during exercise

Question 52

what is rheumatic fever

Answer 52

inflammation disease that can develope as a result of poorly treated strep this can lead to damage of the hearrt valves and lead to heart failure

Question 53

what are the signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever

Answer 53

red, swollen, inflammation, and painful joints heart palpitaions chest pain SOB skin rash

Question 54

what is valvular heart disease

Answer 54

damage to one or more of the hearts valves results in reguritation or stenosis of blood flow in the heart