CardioPulm

Question 1

hypovolemia
causes of
signs and symptoms

Answer 1

decreased blood vol (vol of plasma)

causes: bleeding, dehydration from vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, severe burns, diuretic medications used to treat hypertension

S/S: orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, elevated blood temp

Question 2

hypervolemia
causes of
signs and symptoms

Answer 2

fluid overload, inc blood plasma

causes: excess intake of fluids (IV, blood transfusion), sodium or fluid retention (heart failure, kidney disease)

S/S: swilling in leg, ascites (fluid in abdomen), fluid in lungs

Question 3

anemia

Answer 3

# of red blood cells too low 
--> blood carries less oxygen --> fatigue and weakness

Question 4

polycythemia

Answer 4

# of red blood cells too high 
--> blood too thick --> inc risk of stroke or heart attack

Question 5

thrombocytopenia

Answer 5

low # of platelets (thrombocytes)

–> inc risk of bruising and abnormal bleeding

Question 6

thrombocythemia

Answer 6

high # of platelets (thrombocytes)

–> inc risk of thrombosis –> stroke or heart attack

Question 7

5 types of WBCs

Answer 7

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils 
basophils

Question 8

leukopenia

Answer 8

low number WBCs (leukocytes)

–> inc risk of infection

Question 9

leukocytosis

Answer 9

high number WBCs (leukocytes)

–> indicates infection or leukemia

Question 10

principal mms of inspiration

Answer 10

diaphragm, internal intercostals, external intercostals

Question 11

accessory mms of inspiration

Answer 11

used during high levels of ventilation

SCM, scalenes, pec major and minor, serratus anterior

Question 12

mms of exhalation (forceful breathing)

Answer 12

rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, transverse abdominis

Question 13

pneumothroax

Answer 13

air in pleural space

Question 14

hemothorax

Answer 14

blood in pleural space

Question 15

empyema

Answer 15

pleural fluid that is infected and turns into an access (can be a result of pleural effusion)

Question 16

pH

Answer 16

evaluates acid-base status

norm: 7.4 (7.35-7.45)

Question 17

PaCO2

Answer 17

ventilation status and how well lungs are able to remove CO2

norm: 40 mmHg sea level air (35-45mmHg)

Question 18

PaO2

Answer 18

evaluates oxygenation of arterial blood

norm: 97 mmHg at sea level (80-100 mmHg)

Question 19

HCO3-

Answer 19

Bicarbonate… chemical buffering system to keep blood from becoming too acidic or basic
norm: 24 mEq/L (22-26mmEq/L)

Question 20

SaO2

Answer 20

percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin

norm: 95-98%

Question 21

Acidemia

Answer 21

elevated acidity of blood (pH less than 7.45)

Question 22

alkalemia

Answer 22

decreased acidity of blood (pH greater than 7.45)

Question 23

Eucapnia

Answer 23

normal level of CO2 in arterial blood

PaCO2 35-45 mmHg

Question 24

Hypercapnia

Answer 24

elevated level of CO2 in arterial blood

PaCO2 greater than 45 mmHg

Question 25

hypocapnia

Answer 25

low levels of CO2 in arterial blood | PaCO2 less than 35 mmHg

Question 26

hypoxemia

Answer 26

low level of O2 in arterial blood | PaO2 less than 80 mmHg

Question 27

mild hypoxemia

Answer 27

PaO2 60-79 mmHg

Question 28

moderate hypoxemia

Answer 28

PaO2 40-59 mmHg

Question 29

severe hypoxemia

Answer 29

PaO2 greater than 40 mmHg

Question 30

hypoxia

Answer 30

low level of O2 in the tissue despite adequate perfusion of blood

Question 31

CK-MB

Answer 31

``` creatine phophokinase relatively specific test for MI appears after 4 hours peaks 12-24 hrs declines 48-72 hours ```

Question 32

cardiac troponin-I

Answer 32

specific marker for cardiac infarction | remains elevated for 5-7 days

Question 33

Lipid panel/profile

Answer 33

Cholesterol Lab Test measuring cholesterol and triglycerides in blood, determine risk of atherosclerosis four types of lipids: total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides

Question 34

complete blood count

Answer 34

performed to assess health, diagnose and monitor medical condition, monitor effects of medical treatment measures red blood cell count, total white blood cell count, white blood cell differential, platelets, hemoglobin, and hematocrit

Question 35

hematocrit

Answer 35

percentage of RBCs in total blood vol norms: 40-54% males, 37-48% females low: anemia, blood loss, vitamin or mineral deficiencies, acute hemorrhage high: dehydration, polycythemia vera, shock no exercise less than 25%

Question 36

WBCs

Answer 36

immune system status norm: 4,500-11,000 cells/mm3 high: infection, leukemia, lymphoma, inflammation, corticosteroids low: aplastic anemia, b12 or folate deficiency no exercise

Question 37

hemoglobin

Answer 37

norms: 14-18 g/dL males, 12-15 g/dL females inc: polycythemia, dehydration, shock dec: anemias, prolonge hemorrhage, RBC destruction no exercise: 8 g/dL light: 8-10 resistive: greater than 10

Question 38

Platelet count

Answer 38

norm: 150,000 - 450,000 cells/mm3 inc: chronic leukemia, hemoconcentration dec: thrombocytopenia, acute leukemia, aplastic anemia, cancer chemotherapy pt at an inc risk for bleeding with low levels no exercise less than 20,000

Question 39

INR

Answer 39

``` international normalized ratio evaluates anticoagulation levels norm: 0.8 - 1.2 healthy look for active signs of bleeding when treating patients with DVT, PE, mechanical valves, a-fib, anticoagulation therapy --> INR 2-3 no exercise greater than 5 light 4-5 resistive less than 5 ```