CardioPulm Quiz

Question 1

Ischemia

Answer 1

inadequate blood and oxygen supply of tissues

Question 2

Arhythmia- disturbances in heart rhythm

Answer 2

disturbances in heart rhythm

Question 3

Syncope

Answer 3

passing out

Question 4

Pre-syncope

Answer 4

dizziness, loss of vision, nausea, weakness, sweating and palpation

Question 5

Atherosclerosis

Answer 5

build up of fatty substances on the inner walls of the arteries

Question 6

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 6

hardening of the arteries

Question 7

Angina

Answer 7

chest pain

Question 8

• Cardiac Risk Factors:

Answer 8

• Unchangeable factors: heredity, male gender and age
• Changeable factors: cholestorol, cigarette smoking, high blood pressure and inactive lifestyle
• Contributing factores: diabetest, stress and obesity
• Factors associated with left ventricular enlargement: smoking, diabetes, hypertension and excessive weight

Question 9

• CVC -Cardiovascular disease:

Answer 9

• Atherosclerosis: walls of the arteries become injured
• damaged walls collect plaque and platelets
• artery becomes clogged
• atherosclerotic CVD is the leading cause of death in US

Question 10

• CAD- Coronary Artery Disease:

Answer 10

• Atherosclerosis of the arteries supplying the heart muscle
• causes ischemia of the heart
• angina is a symptom
• rest and or medication may relieve the pain but angina is the main warning sign

Question 11

• MI: Myocardial Infraction: aka heart attack

Answer 11

• chest pain that is not relieved is indicative of MI
• part of the heart muscle dies
• damage could cause the heart to stop cardiac arrest
• rehabilitation requires a glance of rest and graded exercise

Question 12

• Valvular Disease

Answer 12

• heart valve damage may be caused by disease or infection
  * result of valve damage
• Congestive Heart Failure CHF- ischemia, volume and or pressure overload

Question 13

• Aortic Valve stenosis

Answer 13

• pressure overload
• ventricular arrhthmia, cerebral insufficiency, confusion, syncope, and possible sudden death
• May require surgery

Question 14

• Medical Management

Answer 14

• Emergency room:
• asprin, intravenous IV fibrinolytic therapy, possible surgery to restore blood flow
• Surgical options for CAD
• balloon angioplasty- percutanous transluminal coronary angioplasty
• coronary artery bypass grafts
• heart transplant

Question 15

• Cardiac Cathererization

Answer 15

• an x-ray guided catheter is inserted into an artery and advanced to the area of the heart
• Angioplasty- PTCA: using a balloon-tipped catheter, it can be opened in the area of the blockage to compress the blockage and widen artery
• Stent placement: a small metal mesh tube that is inserted to provide support inside the coronary artery

Question 16

• Coronary Artery Bypass Graft:

Answer 16

• often used when medications have failed or when a blockage is life threatening
• when a vein from elsewhere -leg/arm- or an artery from your chest wall is used to bypass or detour around any blocked arteries to allow blood to flow freely and bring oxygen-rich blood to the body

Question 17

• Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Precaution

Answer 17

• Sternal Precautions: allow for sternum to heal
• no lifting arms above shoulder height
• no lifting, pushing or pulling 5-10#
• no twisting of trunk
• no reaching behind your back- careful with toiling
• no holding your breath during activities
• no driving or sitting in passengers seat with airbag

Question 18

• Congestive Heart Failure

Answer 18

• the heart is not pumping as efficiently as if should
  * causes a build up of fluid
  * symptoms include

     * fatigue, tiredness, loss of energy
     * shortness of breath
     * loss of appetite
     * weight gain
     * decreased urination during the day, increased at night 
     * swollen ankles or feet

Question 19

• Arrhythmia:

Answer 19

• disturbances in the heartbeat that cause it to beat to the fast or too slow
  * problem with electrical system of the heart
  * Symptoms:

     * feeling of fluttering in your chest of heart skipping a beat
     * lightheadedness, dizziness
     * shortness of breath
     * sometimes there are no symptoms
  
  * Treatment:
     * medications, cardioversion, AICD ( automatic implatable defribillators), pacemaker, surgery

Question 20

Atrial Fibrillation:

Answer 20

• common heart rhythm disturbance
  * rapid, chaotic rhythm that originates from multiple sites within both atria- causes abnormal impulses to ventricles so the heartbeat is irregular
  * a flutter rapid fire of electrical impulse but the heart rhythm is more regular or organized

Question 21

• Pacemaker:

Answer 21

• battery powered devices
  * that sends electrical impulses via tiny wires to the heart
  * used when heart rate becomes too slow or irregular in rhythm and not able to pump effectively

Question 22

• Precautions after Pacemaker

Answer 22

• no isometrics includes MMT
• limit shoulder AROM < 90* in flexion and abduction
  
  • avoid end range horizontal abduction

Question 23

• Cardiac Rehabilitation

Answer 23

• focus of rehabilitation for CAD
  * improve cardiac condition
  * improve physical conditioning
  * reduce symptoms of cardiac distress
  * improve overall health
  * prevent cardiac problems

Question 24

3 Phases of Rehab after MI

Answer 24

• Acute Phase:
  * stabilization of medical condition
  * Phase 1: Inpatient Rehab

     * monitored low level activity
     * instruction in precautions
     * energy conservation
     * graded activity
     * guidelines for discharge activities
  
  * Phase 2: 
  
     * Outpatient Rehab
     * exercise is advanced with close monitoring
  
  * Phase 3:
     * community-based exercise program
  
        * procedure if patient has cardiac distress during activity
        * stop activity and have patient rest
        * seek medical help is symptoms continue
        * report symptoms to the team
        * modify future activity

Question 25

* Tools for Measuring Response to Activity

Answer 25

* Heart rate: * palpating radial, brachial, or carotid pulse * a change from regular to irregular heart rate should be reported to physician * Blood pressure: * rate pressure product * product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure * increases during activity * returns to baseline during recovery * BORG exertion scale * METs Metabolic Equivalent Table

Question 26

* Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder

Answer 26

* is a group of disease * empysema, peripheral airway disease, bronchitis * common signs of COPD * coughing, shortness of breath, and fatigue * onset of COPD is typically gradual * dyspnea on exertion evolves to dyspnea at rest * risk factors: * smoking, environmental irritants, and chemical exposure

Question 27

* Medical Management COPD

Answer 27

* anti-inflammatory agents * bronchodilators * help open airways * expectorants * help loosens and clear mucus * oxygen therapy * ventilators * provides mechanical assist to the process of inspiration * used for people with acute respiratory distress * ventilatory, CPAP, biPAP

Question 28

* Pulmonary Rehabilitation Treatment Techniques

Answer 28

* Dyspnea control postures: * sitting: bend forward from the waist and support upper body with the forearms on the table or thighs * standing: lean forward and prop the body on a counter * Pursed lips breathing: * inhale through the nose * exhale through pursed lips * take twice as long to exhale as to inhale

Question 29

* OT Treatment of Cardiopulmonary Dysfunction

Answer 29

* Monitor HR, BP, pulse oximetry, and signs of cardiac and respiratory distress during functional activity and postural changes * Safe progression of activity is based on the energy cost of the activity and the patients response * as the demands of an activity increased, more oxygen is needed * activity choice is guided by metabolic equivalent table MET * breathing strategies and dyspnea control postures are incorporated into pulmonary rehabilitation * duration of the activity must be considered * return to sexual activity is a major concern * providing information can decrease anxiety * heart medication may affect libido * energy conservation and work simplification * exhaling should occur with exertion * patient and family education