Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Boards: PEAT Review > Cardiopulmoary and Lymphatic > Flashcards

Cardiopulmoary and Lymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

PVC: Bigeminy

A

occurs when every other beat is a PVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PVC: Couplets

A

When 2 PVC are together with no normal heartbeat between them
Can be caused by ischemia, hypokalemia, CHF or drug toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

PVC: Multifocal

A

when more than one PVCs occur, and they do not appear to have similar configurations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia

A

> 3 PVCs, if observed during exercise STOP and report

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

No organized electrical activity or effective pumping

Requires IMMEDIATE cardioversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Myocardial Oxygen Demand Calculation

A

“Double Product” = HR x SBP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Circulatory Reflex

A

Response of baroreceptors to changes in blood pressure
Inc-BP = bradycardia, peripheral dilation, parasymp stimulation, decreased rate and F cardiac contraction, symp inhibition, decreased peripheral resistance
Dec BP = tachycardia, sympathetic stimulation, increased HR and BP with vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Airway Clearance: Abdominal Thrusts

A

primarily used in pts w. low neuromuscular tone or flaccid abdominal ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Airway Clearance: Postural Drainage

A

faciliates drainage of secretions to the level of the segmental bronchus only. requires additional cough to clear secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Airway Clearance: Huffing

A

Helps to stabilize collapsible airways present w. COPD (weak, wet cough)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Airway Clearance: Percussions

A

help mobilize secretions from the periphery of the lungs, however, do not assist in improving the strength of the patient’s cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most useful measurements for determining the progression of obstructive pulmonary disease (staging)

A

FEV1 and FEV1/FVC

FEV1 is significantly reduced, FVC reduced, while other measurements may increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most useful measurements for determining restrictive pulmonary disease

A

Normal FEV1 while all other measurements decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cardiac Sounds: Aortic Valve/Stenosis

A

R 2nd intercostal space, sternal border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cardiac Sounds: Pulmonic Valve

A

L 2nd Intercostal Space, sternal border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cardiac Sounds: Tricuspid Valve

A

L 4th intercostal space, sternal border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cardiac Sounds: Mitral Valve

A

L 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Absolute contraindications to exercise

A
  • acute infections
  • acute PE or Pulm infarct
  • unstable angina or arrhythmia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Relative contraindications to exercise

A

-chronic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reduction in exercise/activity with:

A
  • acute illness: fever, flue
  • acute injury or ortho complications
  • progression of cardiac dx, edema, weight gain or unstable angina
  • overindulgence; food, caffeine, alcohol
  • environmental extremes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Absolute indications to terminate exercise

A

-drop SBP > 10 mmHg
-mod-severe angina
-increased nervous system: ataxia, dizziness, near syncope
-signs of poor perfusion
-technical difficulties with monitoring ECG or BP
subjects desire to stop
sustained VT
ST elevation > 1mm (2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Relative Indications to terminate Exercise

A
  • ST or QRS changes
  • arrhythmias other than VT
  • fatigue, SOB, wheezing, leg cramps, claudication
  • development of bundle branch block
  • increasing chest pain
  • HTN response SBP>250 or DBP >115
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Metabolic Acidosis: Causes

A 
pH & HCO3 decrease, PaCO2 = WNL
a depletion of bases or an accumulation of acids, blood pH falls below 7.35
diabetes
renal insufficiency
diarrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Metabolic Acidosis: Signs/Symptoms

A 
hyperventilation (compensatory)
deep respirations
weakness
muscular twitching
malaise
nausea
vomiting and diarrhea
headache
dry skin and mucous membranes
poor skin turgor
*May lead to stupor or coma*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis: Causes

A 
an increase in bases or blood pH > 7.45
excess vomiting 
excess diuretics
hypokalemia
peptic ulcer
excessive intake of antacids
26
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis: Signs/Symptoms

A 
hypoventilation (compensatory)
depressed respirations
dysrhythmias
prolonged vommiting
diarrhea
weakness
muscle twitching 
irritability
agitation 
convulsion and coma (death)
27
Q

Respiratory Acidosis: Causes

A 
pH decrease, HCO3 WNL, PaCO2 increase
CO2 retention, impaired alveolar ventilation
hypoventilation
drugs/oversedation
chronic pulmonary dx
hyper metabolism (burns, sepsis)
28
Q

Respiratory Acidosis: Signs/Symptoms

A 
dyspnea
hyperventilation cyanosis
restlessness
headache
may lead to disorientation, stupor and coma, death
29
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis: Causes

A 
pH increase, HCO3 WNL, PaCO2 decreases
diminished CO2, alveolar hyperventilation
anxiety attack w/ hyperventilation
hypoxia (emphysema, pneumonia)
impaired lung expansion 
CHF
PE
diffuse liver or CNS disease
salicylate poisoning 
extreme stress
30
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis: Signs/Symptoms

A 
tachypnea
dizziness
anxiety 
difficulty concentrating
numbness and tingling
blurred vision
diaphoresis
muscle cramps
twitching and tetany
weakness 
arrhythmias
convulsion
31
Q

Arterial Ulcers

A 
Etiology: atherosclerosis or atheroembolism
Appearance: irregular, smooth edges, min granulation, usually deep
Location: distal lower leg
LATERAL malleolus, anterior tibial area
Pedal Pulses: decreased or absent
Pain: very, p! inc w/ legs raised
Drainage: not present
Assoc Gangrene: maybe
Assoc Signs: trophic changes
pallor w/ foot elevation
dusky rubor on dependency
32
Q

Venous Ulcers

A

Etiology: valvular incompetance, venous HTN
Appearance: irregular, dark pigmentation, sometimes fibrotic, good granulation, shallow
Location: distal lower leg, MEDIAL malleolus
Pedal Pulses: present
Pain: little p! comfortable w/ legs elevated
Drainage: moderate to large exudate
Assoc Gangrene: absent
Assoc Signs: edema, stasis dermatitis
possible cyanosis on dependency

33
Q

Postural Drainage: Upper Lobes - Apical Segments

A

Bed or drainage table flat
Pt leans back on pillow @ 30 deg angle against therapist
PT claps between clavicle and top of scapula on each side

34
Q

Postural Drainage: Upper Lobes - Posterior Segments

A

Bed or drainage table flat
Pt leans forward over folded pillow @ 30 deg angle
PT stands behind and claps over upper back on both sides

35
Q

Postural Drainage: Upper Lobes - Anterior Segments

A

Bed or drainage table flat
Pt lies on back w/ pillow under knees
PT claps between clavicle and nipple on each side

36
Q

Postural Drainage: Right Middle Lobe

A

Foot of table elevated 16 inches
Pt lies on L side and rotates 1/4 turn backward, knees flex
PT claps over R nipple area

37
Q

Postural Drainage: Left Upper Lobe - Lingular Segments

A

Foot of table elevated 16 inches
Pt lies on R side and rotates 1/4 turn backward, knees flex
PT claps over R nipple area

38
Q

Postural Drainage: Lower Lobe - Anterior Basal Segments

A

Foot of table elevated 20 inches
Pt lies on side, pillow under knees (left or right basilar)
PT claps over lower ribs

39
Q

Postural Drainage: Lower Lobe - Lateral Basal Segments

A

Foot of table elevated 20 inches
Pt lies on abdomen, then rotates 1/4 turn upward, upper leg fixed over pillow for support
PT claps over uppermost portion of lower ribs

40
Q

Postural Drainage: Lower Lobe - Posterior Basal Segments

A

Foot of table elevated 20 inches
Pt lies on abdomen, head down, w/ pillow under hips
PT claps over lower ribs to spine on each side

41
Q

Postural Drainage: Lower Lobe - Superior Segments

A

Bed or table flat
Pt lies on abdomen w/ two pillow under hips
PT claps over middle of back at tip of scapula on either side of spine

42
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction

A
  • ST segment elevation or depression
  • altered CPK or Troponin Levels
  • Chest p! not alleviated by nitroglycerin
  • Referred p! to neck, jaw, L arm, or upper back
43
Q

Presentation of Angina/CVD in Women

A

-Midthoracic, and upper extremity p!

undue fatigue, nausea and weakness

44
Q

Side Effects of ACE Inhibitors

A

-hypotension

45
Q

Ankle Brachial Index Values

A 
>1.4 = noncompliant arteries
1.0-1.4 = Normal
.91-.99 = borderline
<.50 = severe arterial disease, risk for critical limb ischemia, may have p! at rest.
46
Q

Components of APGAR assessment

A
  • Heart Rate
  • Color
  • Respiration
  • Muscle tone
  • Reflex irritability
47
Q

Reasoning for Tripod position w/ pulmonary disease

A

This position increases the effectiveness of the pectoralis and serratus anterior muscles to act as accessory muscles of inspiration by reverse action, thereby improving breathing and minimizing fatigue.

48
Q

Heart Sounds: S1

A

“lub”; normal closure of mitral and tricuspid valves; marks begining of systole - decreased with 1° of AV Block

49
Q

Heart Sounds: S2

A

“dub”; normal closure of aortic and pulmonary valves; marks end of systole - decreased in aortic stenosis

50
Q

Heart Sounds: S3

A

This heart sound is associated with ventricular filling, occurs soon after S2 - In older individuals may be indicative of CHF (LV)

51
Q

Heart Sounds: S4

A

This heart sound is associated with ventricular filling and atrial contraction; occurs just before S1 - Associated with pathology: CAD, MI, Aortic stenosis or Chronic hypertension

52
Q

Heart Sounds: Gallop

A

An abnormal heart rhythm with three sounds in each cycle; resembles the gallop of a horse. (i.e., either S1,S2,S3 or S4,S1,S2 is heard during auscultation)

53
Q

Heart Sounds: Bruit

A

This is an adventitious sound or murmur (blowing sound) of arterial or venous origin; common in carotid or femoral arteries - indicative of atherosclerosis

54
Q

Heart Sounds: Thrill

A

An abnormal tremor accompanying a vascular or cardiac murmur; felt on palpation

55
Q

Heart Sounds: Systolic Murmur

A

With regards to murmur or extra sounds, this one falls between S1 and S2. May indicate valvular disease (e.g., mitral valve prolapse or may normal

56
Q

Heart Sounds: Diastolic Murmur

A

With regards to murmurs or extra sounds, this one falls between S2 and S1. Usually indicates valvular disease

57
Q

Effects of Prolonged Bed Rest

A
  • Resting and submaximal heart rates begin to increase = lowered cardiac efficiency
  • Resting SBP declines due to decreases in blood volume from profound diuresis
  • Blood volume declines from profound diuresis
  • Cardiac output declines from decreases in blood volume and decreases in stroke volume
58
Q

Signs of Venous Insufficiency

A

-Edema

59
Q

Signs of Arterial Insufficiency

A
  • pallor
  • absent pulses
  • decreased temp
60
Q

Pharmacological Management of HTN

A

beta blockers, alpha blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, diuretics, vasodilators, or calcium channel blockers.

Boards: PEAT Review (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions