Cardiopulmonary Patient Considerations

Question 1

What is the underlying cause of asthma?

Answer 1

Localized inflammation sensitizes airway structures to asthmatic triggers.

Question 2

What are the main features of asthma?

Answer 2

Bronchial smooth-muscle spasms, airway inflammation, mucous plugging of airways.

Question 3

List common asthma triggers.

Answer 3

Allergens, chemicals, drugs, exercise, cold, stress, viral infections.

Question 4

What is the first-line agent for most asthma patients?

Answer 4

Glucocorticoids.

Question 5

What are short-acting bronchodilators commonly referred to as?

Answer 5

Rescue inhalers.

Question 6

How do long-acting beta-2 agonists help in asthma management?

Answer 6

They help maintain bronchodilation for longer periods.

Question 7

How are glucocorticoids administered for asthma?

Answer 7

Via inhalation.

Question 8

What do glucocorticoids do?

Answer 8

Directly reduce inflammation causing asthmatic disease.

Question 9

What do bronchodilators treat?

Answer 9

Secondary manifestation of disease of bronchoconstriction.

Question 10

What are leukotriene inhibitors used for?

Answer 10

Mediating airway inflammation and long-term control of asthma.

Question 11

What is Singular/Montelukast used for?

Answer 11

Management of exercise-induced asthma.

Question 12

Why is Theophylline no longer commonly used?

Answer 12

Due to toxicity concerns.

Question 13

What advice should you give to a patient using an inhaler?

Answer 13

Use 30-60 minutes prior to therapy and wash mouth out with water after use.

Question 14

What conditions are included under COPD?

Answer 14

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Question 15

What is the primary use of bronchodilators in COPD management?

Answer 15

Maintaining airway clearance and preventing airflow restriction.

Question 16

Which medications are primarily used for COPD patients?

Answer 16

Bronchodilators (Long-acting beta-2 agonists) and anticholinergics.

Question 17

Which COPD condition would primarily benefit from glucocorticoids?

Answer 17

Chronic bronchitis.

Question 18

What is angina pectoris?

Answer 18

Pain in the chest due to ischemic heart disease or coronary artery disease.

Question 19

What are the various types of angina?

Answer 19

Stable, unstable, and variant.

Question 20

What is the cause of angina pectoris?

Answer 20

Oxygen supply to the heart is insufficient to meet the demands.

Question 21

What is the primary medication used to manage acute stable angina pain?

Answer 21

Nitroglycerin.

Question 22

How do B-blockers and calcium-channel blockers help in managing angina?

Answer 22

Decrease myocardial oxygen demand by reducing sympathetic innervation and contractility.

Question 23

What is the mechanism of action of nitrates?

Answer 23

Promote vasodilation to relax the blood vessels, decreasing venous return and afterload, and increasing coronary blood supply.

Question 24

What are common side effects of nitrates?

Answer 24

Headache, hypotension, dizziness, reflex tachycardia, flushing of the skin, nausea, and vomiting.

Question 25

When should you call EMS for a patient taking nitroglycerin?

Answer 25

After they take 2 tablets with no effect.

Question 26

How should nitroglycerin be taken for angina symptoms?

Answer 26

Take 1 tablet every 5 minutes as needed, not exceeding 3 tablets.

Question 27

What are the storage requirements for nitroglycerin?

Answer 27

Stored in a dark container, tightly closed, and kept on the person at all times.

Question 28

What is Ranolazine (Ranexa) used for?

Answer 28

Part of the antianginal regime, decreases frequency of angina, and increases exercise ability without symptoms.

Question 29

What are the types of heart failure?

Answer 29

* left-sided * right-sided * biventricular * systolic * diastolic

Question 30

Which medication group is the first line of defense for CHF?

Answer 30

ACE inhibitors.

Question 31

What are the goals of CHF medication?

Answer 31

Reduce anxiety, improve vasodilation, slow disease process, improve symptoms, and prolong survival.

Question 32

What are the primary drugs used to treat CHF?

Answer 32

Digoxin and digitoxin.

Question 33

How does digitalis increase cardiac output?

Answer 33

By increasing intracellular calcium, which enhances cardiac contractions.

Question 34

What are common adverse effects of digitalis?

Answer 34

GI distress, CNS disturbances, and arrhythmias.

Question 35

What do phosphodiesterase inhibitors do?

Answer 35

Inhibit the breakdown of cAMP in cardiac cells, leading to increased myocardial contractility.

Question 36

How are phosphodiesterase inhibitors administered?

Answer 36

IV administration for short-term acute options.

Question 37

Which medications are not used to decrease cardiac workload?

Answer 37

Anticholinergics.

Question 38

What are common signs of acute CHF?

Answer 38

Increased cough, difficulty breathing, abnormal respiratory sounds, frothy sputum.

Question 39

What is a major concern with patients taking diuretics?

Answer 39

Excessive fatigue and weakness, indicating fluid and electrolyte depletion.

Question 40

How do vasodilators affect CHF patients?

Answer 40

They can cause hypotension and postural hypotension, requiring caution during physical activities.

Question 41

What is the mechanism of action of nitrates in treating angina?

Answer 41

Converted to nitric oxide in blood vessels, promoting vasodilation.

Question 42

What are the effects of systemic vasodilation caused by nitrates?

Answer 42

Decreases myocardial oxygen demand and venous return.

Question 43

What is the role of thrombolytic agents in angina management?

Answer 43

Increase myocardial oxygen supply by dissolving blood clots.

Question 44

How do antiplatelet agents help in managing ischemic heart disease?

Answer 44

Prevent blood clot formation, increasing blood flow to the heart.

Question 45

What is the role of anticoagulants in cardiovascular treatment?

Answer 45

Prevent blood clots, ensuring a smoother blood flow to the heart.

Question 46

What should be avoided to prevent nitrate tolerance?

Answer 46

Excessive use over time; nitrate-free intervals of 8-10 hours are recommended.

Question 47

What are the therapeutic considerations for patients with heart failure?

Answer 47

Avoid progression of HF, recognize signs of acute CHF, and be aware of digitalis toxicity.

Question 48

How do ACE inhibitors help in CHF management?

Answer 48

Reduce cardiac workload by causing vasodilation.

Question 49

What are the goals of using oxygen in CHF patients?

Answer 49

Reduce anxiety and improve symptoms by increasing oxygen supply.

Question 50

What are the key benefits of digitalis for CHF patients?

Answer 50

Improves cardiac pumping ability and stabilizes heart rate.

Question 51

Extra Question 1

Answer 51

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Question 52

Extra Question 2

Answer 52

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Question 53

Extra Question 3

Answer 53

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Question 54

Extra Question 4

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