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6072 > cardiopulmonary system > Flashcards

cardiopulmonary system Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

cardiovascular system components

A
  • heart
  • vasculature
  • blood vessels -
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2
Q

cardiovascular function

A
  • transport hormones
  • delivers o2
  • removes metabolic waste
  • protects body against disease
  • regulates body temp
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3
Q

3 types of vessels and their function

A
  • arteries: transport blood away from heart
  • veins: transport blood toward heart
  • capillaries: connections between arteries and veins to allow for exchange of o2, nutrients, waste
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4
Q

steps of heart flow into heart

A

1) deoxygenated blood goes into R atrium
2) blood goes through tricuspid to R ventricle
3) blood goes through pulmonary artery
4) pulmonary artery to lungs
5) oxygenated blood goes through pulmonary vein to L atrium
6) through mitral into L ventricle
7) through aorta out of body

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5
Q

vasculature development begins?

A

begins at 3-4 weeks after conception

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6
Q

mesodermal cells develop when?

A

happens during embryonic development. mesodermal cells differentiate into vessels

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7
Q

angiogenesis

A

formation of vascular branches from existing blood vessels

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8
Q

vasculature anatomy

A

1) tunica externa
2) tunica media
3) tunica intima

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9
Q

large elastic arteries
- location
- function
- what do they maintain

A

located in tunica media
contain elastic fibers to allow for expansion and recoil
maintain constant flow of blood

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10
Q

medium muscular arteries
- location
- function and component

A

located in tunica media
contain SMOOTH MUSCLE to regulate diameter and blood flow

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11
Q

small arteries control the..

A

filling of capillaries

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12
Q

veins characteristics

A
  • larger and more compliant than arteries
  • thin walls
  • large lumens - larger blood reservoir
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13
Q

baroreceptors

A

located in aorta and carotid sinus, detect BP

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14
Q

chemoreceptors

A

located in aorta and carotid bodies, detect changes in pH

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15
Q

what develops at 3 weeks?

A

heart and vessels

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16
Q

what happens at 4 weeks?

A

heart begins to beat and pump blood

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17
Q

what happens at week 7?

A

heart forms into a 4 chamber

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18
Q

prenatal - shunting systems

A
  • foramen ovale (R atrium –> L atrium)
  • ductus arteriosus (R pulmonary –>aorta)
  • ductus venosus (inferior vena cava –> umbilical vein)
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19
Q

congenital heart disease

A

leading non-infectious cause of death in 1st year
1% live births

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20
Q

what ventricular wall gets twice as thick by adulthood?

A

left!

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21
Q

ribs cage is oriented horizontally –> changes to vertical with…

A

sitting
- rib become more angled
- ventilatory muscles become stronger
- increased efficiency of breathing

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22
Q

match heart volume to ages
40 mL
80mL
160 mL

A
  • birth
  • 6 months
  • 2 years
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23
Q

increase in myocytes [infancy]

A
  • cross-sectional area
  • number of myofibrils
  • force production
    ***NO INCREASE IN NUMBER MYOCYTES
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24
Q

infancy and childhood: vascularization stats

A
  • increase heart vascularization
  • at birth - 1 vessel for every 6 fibers
  • adulthood 1:1 ratio
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25
infancy and childhood stats CV development
- higher blood volume INCREASE - stroke volume INCREASE - heart rate DECREASE - blood pressure INCREASE
26
adolescence - heart size - stroke volume - body weight - blood pressure
- left ventricle increases in size - increase stroke volume bc the left ventricle - body weight increases causing blood pressure to increase
27
heart changes with aging myocytes pacemaker cells HR left ventricular wall
- decreasing in number of myocytes, increase in size - decrease in number of pacemaker cells ---> slower heartrate - left ventricular wall becomes thicker --> decrease stroke volume - myocardium becomes darker
28
vessels - aging
become thicker, stiffer, and less flexible - increased BP causes changes
29
blood - aging
decreased blood volume decreased RBCs lymphocytes decrease in #
30
pulmonary system - function
gas exchange
31
pulmonary system - components
lungs, thorax, airways, blood vessels
32
what are the two systems for pulmonary system
conducting zone respiratory zone
33
conducting zone function + components
passageway for air to travel into and out of the lungs [nose, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, trachea]
34
respiratory zone function + components
located in deep lungs respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
35
what brain structures control ventilation
medulla oblongata, pons SNS: bronchial dilation PNS: bronchial constriction
36
tidal volume
amount of volume exhaled or inhaled at rest in one breath
37
residual volume
amount of air remaining in lungs following expiration
38
minute ventilation
total volume of air inspired and expired in one minute
39
prenatal - pulmonary weeks of gestation
4-8 weeks of gestation - development of lung buds - bronchi begins to form - differentiation of trachea and bronchi
40
neonatal - pulmonary development 6 weeks 8 weeks 24 weeks 26-28
6 week: primitive alveoli form 8 week: conducting zone 24: surfactant formed 26-28: respiratory zone viable
41
how is the rib cage oriented at birth?
horizontal
42
pulmonary achievements after sitting
- ribs become angled - diaphragm forms a dome shape - ventilatory muscles become stronger - increased efficiency of breathing
43
pulmonary - infancy and childhood
airways are smaller in children! - decreased smooth muscle until age 3 & 4 - decrease alveolar elasticity after puberty
44
pulmonary implications - infancy and childhood
- increased occurrence of bronchiole collapse - decreased lung compliance and distensibility leads to increased work of breathing - increased risk of infection until 6-8 yrs
45
adolescence - pulmonary development
- increased size of proximal airways and vasculature - increase in alveolar size, elastic fibers - INCREASE IN GAS EXCHAGE
46
@ what age are smooth muscles of arterial walls in alveoli fully developed?
19
47
adulthood & aging - pulmonary impairments age
impairments start in 7th decade of life (60s)
48
thoracic wall and musculature changes during adulthood and aging
- stiffer bony thorax, decreased joint mobility - decreased expansion of chest - decrease strength and endurance - increase work of breathing! - altered length-tension relationship
49
lung changes during adulthood and aging what do the changes cause?
- decrease compliance and elasticity bc of changes in collagen and elastin - impaired elastic recoil causes decrease in vital capacity (75%) and increase in vital volume (70%)
50
how does body respond to lung changes during aging pulmonary development?
- total volume stays the same bc the body increases breathing rate to increase minute ventilation
51
alveolar changes during adulthood and aging
- decreased elasticity leads to increase risk of collapse during expiration - increase size of lungs requires more time for air to reach alveoli - increase in mucous glands and mucus in membrane
52
vascular changes to alveoli during adulthood and aging
- smaller capillary bed - decreased blood flow
53
adaptations to long term exercise: CV [increases]
- max cardiac output and stroke volume - plasma volume - hemoglobin - HDL
54
adaptations to long term exercise: CV [decreases]
- resting heart rate - BP - LDL
55
adaptations to long term exercise: pulmonary [decreases]
- inspiratory/expiratory reserve - respiratory rate @ submaximal exercise
56
adaptations to long term exercise: pulmonary [increases]
- minute ventilation - vital capacity - tidal volume
57
what reflects the efficiency of cardiopulmonary system?
- cardiac output - minute ventilation - maximal aerobic capacity
58
cardiac output equation + function
efficiency of CV system stroke volume x heart rate
59
what does minute ventilation measure? equation?
efficiency of pulmonary system tidal volume x respiratory rate
60
what is maximal aerobic capacity? how is it determined?
max ability of an individual's body to transport and use O2 for energy production - determined by level of CV and pulmonary fitness

6072 (4 decks)

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