Cardiorespiratory

Question 1

What does the mediastinum contain ?

Answer 1

• heart and pericardium
• trachea
• oesophagus
• vagus nerves
• lymphatics
• great vessels

Question 2

What is the pericardium ?

Answer 2

The protective covering of the heart

Question 3

What are the different layers of the pericardium ?

Answer 3

The superficial layer is fibrous pericardium
The deep layer is serous pericardium and this is further split into parietal and visceral layers

The innermost layer is visceral, followed by parietal and then fibrous

Question 4

Which intercostal space lies immediately inferolateral to the sternal angle ?

Answer 4

2nd intercostal space

Question 5

What structure sits between two adjacent thoracic vertebrae ?

Answer 5

Intervertebral disk

Question 6

At what vertebral level does the trachea begin ?

Answer 6

C3

Question 7

At what vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate into the left and right bronchi ?

Answer 7

T4 - T5

Question 8

How many lobes does each lung have ?

Answer 8

Left - 2
Right - 3

Question 9

Which nerve supplies the diaphragm ?

Answer 9

Phrenic nerve

Question 10

What is the name given to the space between the 2 serous layers ?

Answer 10

Pericardial cavity

Question 11

What are the features of typical ribs ?

Answer 11

• Head
• Neck
• Tubercle (beneath the neck)
• Angle
• Body (shaft)
• 2 facets

Question 12

In which direction to the external intercostal muscles run ?

Answer 12

The fibres run outwards to inwards and upwards to downwards (inferiomedial)

Question 13

In which direction do the internal intercostal muscles run ?

Answer 13

The fibres run inwards to outwards and downwards to upwards

Question 14

Where is the transversus thoracis found ?

Answer 14

At the back of the sternum

Question 15

What are the 2 internal thoracic vessels and where do they drain ?

Answer 15

Internal thoracic artery and internal thoracic vein
They drain into subclavian vessels

Question 16

What are the 3 hiatus ?

Answer 16

• Aortic hiatus
• Oesophageal hiatus
• Caval hiatus

Question 17

Where is the aortic hiatus located ?

Answer 17

T12

Question 18

Where is the oesophageal hiatus located ?

Answer 18

T10

Question 19

Where is the caval hiatus located ?

Answer 19

T8

Question 20

Where does the heart sit ?

Answer 20

Cardiac notch of left lung

Question 21

Where is the transverse thoracic plane located ?

Answer 21

Between the sternal angle and T4/T5

Question 22

Summarise the structure of the heart

Answer 22

It has 4 chambers : left and right atria and left and right ventricles
It has 4 valves : pulmonary and aortic valves at ventricular outflow and tricuspid and bicuspid valves at atria-ventricular outflow

Question 23

What is another name for the bicuspid valve and why is it called the bicuspid valve ?

Answer 23

The mitral valve
It has 2 cusps

Question 24

What does the superior mediastinum contain ?

Answer 24

• the great vessels
• vagus nerves
• trachea
• lymphatics
• oesophagus

Question 25

What are the brachiocephalic veins ?

Answer 25

They are tributaries of the superior vena cava

Question 26

What are the tributaries of the brachiocephalic veins ?

Answer 26

The internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein

Question 27

What does the aortic arch branch into ?

Answer 27

Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery (Left to right)

Question 28

What are the branches of the brachiocephalic trunk ?

Answer 28

The right subclavian artery Right common carotid artery

Question 29

What does the posterior mediastinum contain ?

Answer 29

- thoracic aorta - thoracic duct - oesophagus - azygos and hemiazygos veins

Question 30

Where does the great cardiac vein start ?

Answer 30

It starts in the anterior sulcus

Question 31

How many papillary muscles are there ?

Answer 31

5

Question 32

What are the 3 types of ribs ?

Answer 32

1) vertebrosternal - true ribs 2) vertebrochondral - false ribs 3) vertebral - floating ribs (no anterior attachments)

Question 33

What are the root values of the phrenic nerve ?

Answer 33

C3, C4 and C5

Question 34

What is the pleural cavity ?

Answer 34

The space between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura

Question 35

What is the diaphragm ?

Answer 35

It is a musculotendinous sheet

Question 36

Describe the features of the left lung

Answer 36

- 2 lobes - superior and inferior lobe - separated by an oblique fissure - cardiac notch in superior lobe - lingula in superior lobe

Question 37

Describe the features of the right lung

Answer 37

- 3 lobes - superior, middle and inferior - superior and middle separated by horizontal fissure - middle and inferior separated by oblique fissure

Question 38

What is the splitting point of the trachea known as ?

Answer 38

The carina

Question 39

What are the boundaries of the superior mediastinum ?

Answer 39

- superior thoracic aperture - transverse thoracic plane

Question 40

What are the boundaries of the inferior mediastinum ?

Answer 40

- transverse thoracic plane - diaphragm

Question 41

What is the middle mediastinum ?

Answer 41

The heart

Question 42

Where are the pectinate muscles found ?

Answer 42

They are found on the inner wall of the right and left atria

Question 43

What is the crista terminalis ?

Answer 43

Smooth muscle located in the right atrium of the heart

Question 44

What are the chordae tendineae ?

Answer 44

Strong connections between the valves and papillary muscle (Heart strings)

Question 45

What is the trabeculae carneae ?

Answer 45

Found on the inner surface of the right and left ventricles

Question 46

What is the fossa ovalis ?

Answer 46

Hole in the heart - found in left atrium