Cardiorespiratory

Question 1

What is the cardiac output formula?

Answer 1

Cardiac output (L/min) = Stroke volume (L) x Heart rate (bpm)

Question 2

What are the four main components of blood?

Answer 2

RBCs, WBCs, Plasma, Platelets

Question 3

What is the main function of erythrocytes?

Answer 3

Carrying oxygen around the body

Question 4

What does haematocrit mean? And what is the average value in humans?

Answer 4

The % of RBCs in the blood. 45%

Question 5

How long to erythrocytes usually live for?

Answer 5

120 days

Question 6

Where are blood cells formed in the adult body?

Answer 6

Bone marrow

Question 7

In utero, where are blood cells formed?

Answer 7

Yolk sac, liver and spleen, bone marrow

Question 8

In children, where are blood cells derived from?

Answer 8

All bones

Question 9

What cell type do all blood cells derive from?

Answer 9

Haemopoietic stem cells

Question 10

What hormone is required to stimulate the form of red blood cells?

Answer 10

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 11

What key hormone stimulates the development of granulocyte?

Answer 11

Granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factore (GM-CSF)

Question 12

What hormone is required for the production of platelets?

Answer 12

Thrombonin

Question 13

What hormone is required for the production of platelets?

Answer 13

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

Question 14

In the erythrocyte, what does oxygen bind to?

Answer 14

Haem group

Question 15

What metal is present in haemoglobin?

Answer 15

Iron

Question 16

How are RBCs removed from the blood?

Answer 16

Spleen, liver, bone marrow (and any blood loss)

Question 17

What are the two kinds RBCs production failures that cause anemia?

Answer 17

Hypoplastic anaemia (not enough formed)
Dyshaemopoietic anaemia (ineffective production)

Question 18

What is occuring to RBCs with haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 18

Too many red blood cells are being broken down.

Question 19

What is the most common cause of anaemia?

Answer 19

Iron deficiency

Question 20

Name the 5 main types of white blood cells and there approximate life span.

Answer 20

Neutrophils (6-10 hours)
Monocytes (20-40 hours)
Basophils (days)
Eosinophils (days)
Lymphocytes (weeks to years)

Question 21

What is the most numerous kind of WBC?

Answer 21

Neutrophils

Question 22

What do neutrophils release?

Answer 22

Chemotaxins and cytokines

Question 23

How do you recognise a neutrophil on a histological slide?

Answer 23

Lobed nucleus (~3-5 lobes)

Question 24

What do monocytes differentiate into?

Answer 24

Macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 25

What do basophils differentiate into in the tissues?

Answer 25

Mast cells

Question 26

What cells produce and store histamine?

Answer 26

Basophils/ mast cells

Question 27

Describe the histological appearance of a eosinophil cell.

Answer 27

Pink granules, large nucleus. 'Eosin stain loving cell- hence very pink'

Question 28

Describe the histological appearance of a basophil cell.

Answer 28

Purple granules throughout the cell

Question 29

What WBC is known as the 'clever' or most complex cell?

Answer 29

Lymphocytes

Question 30

What is the function of the B-lymphocyte?

Answer 30

Make antibodies when stimulated by foreign antigens

Question 31

Where do B-lymphocytes mature?

Answer 31

Bone marrow

Question 32

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

Answer 32

Thymus

Question 33

What do T helper cells (CD4+) do in an immune response?

Answer 33

Suppress or regulate the immune response. They can release cytokines.

Question 34

What do cytoxic T cells (CD8+) do in an immune response?

Answer 34

Target damaged/infected cells for cell death (by lysis)

Question 35

In general, what's the immunological role of T lymphocytes?

Answer 35

Aids B cells. Generate cellular or cell-mediated immunity

Question 36

What's the general immunological role of B lymphocytes?

Answer 36

Makes antibodies to presented protection

Question 37

What are the four types of phagocytes?

Answer 37

Neutrophils, Monocytes, Basophils, Eosinophils,

Question 38

Which is microcirculation?

Answer 38

The transport of blood around the smallest blood vessels i.e. arterioles, capillaries and venules

Question 39

Albumin is a globular protein found in the plasma of blood. Where is it formed and what is it's role?

Answer 39

Liver. Maintains oncotic pressure

Question 40

What activates platelets?

Answer 40

Tissue factor- found everywhere but endothelial cells (so coagulation occurs everywhere but the blood stream)

Question 41

What is formed during primary haemostasis?

Answer 41

Platelet plug

Question 42

Briefly describe how a platelet plug is formed.

Answer 42

Platelet adhesion- platelets stick to exposed collagen (via Von Willebrand factor on surface) Platelet activation- once adhered, platelets activate other platelets Platelet plug formation- fibrinogen binds the platelets together

Question 43

What cells produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)?

Answer 43

B lymphocytes

Question 44

What is the main aim of the coagulation cascade?

Answer 44

To convert fibrinogen into fibrin to form a blood clot

Question 45

What is the aim of the fibrinolytic system?

Answer 45

To break a fibrin clot with plasmin enzyme as part of the healing process

Question 46

What are the steps involved in primary haemostasis?

Answer 46

Vasoconstriction

Question 47

What causes fluid to move out of capillaries at tissues?

Answer 47

A high hydrostatic pressure

Question 48

Approximately how much tissue fluid is reabsorbed into the capillaries at the venous end?

Answer 48

~ 95%

Question 49

What process is occurring when tissue fluid is moving back into the capillaries?

Answer 49

Osmosis- due to the very low water potential in the blood

Question 50

What molecules cause sympathetic stimulation of the heart? What mechanism occurs?

Answer 50

Adrenaline and noradrenaline. They cause increased Na permeability of the so the threshold potential is reached quicker

Question 51

What molecules cause parasympathetic stimulation of the heart? What mechanism occurs?

Answer 51

Acetylcholine. Decreased Na permeability so longer time to reach membrane potential

Question 52

What difference is there between a normal cell action potential and a cardiac potential?

Answer 52

Cardiac action potential has a longer refractory period to prevent fatigue

Question 53

What is the average blood pressure in the pulmonary system?

Answer 53

Systolic- 20 | Diastolic- 8

Question 54

What is the average normal blood pressure in the systemic system?

Answer 54

120/80

Question 55

What three factors allow venous return against gravity?

Answer 55

Valves Respiratory pump Muscle action pump

Question 56

What is the function of lymph vessels?

Answer 56

To drain excess fluid from muscles

Question 57

What vein does lymph drain into?

Answer 57

Subclavian veins

Question 58

What kinds of vessel has valves?

Answer 58

Veins, lymph vessels

Question 59

What is the Frank Starling mechanism?

Answer 59

Also known as the length force mechanism or Starlings law. As preload/end diastolic volume increases, the total stroke volume and cardiac output increases. This is because there's an increased venous return so increased volume in the ventricles which stretches the myocardial cross fibres- causes an increased force of contraction.

Question 60

At rest, what % potential is the heart working at?

Answer 60

~60%

Question 61

What is afterload?

Answer 61

The pressure the heart has to work against to eject blood during systole.

Question 62

How would an increased afterload affect stoke volume?

Answer 62

Decreased stoke volume

Question 63

How would a decreased afterload affect stroke volume?

Answer 63

Increase stroke volume (to overcome the increased resistance)

Question 64

What 4 factors affect the cardiac contraction?

Answer 64

These factors affect the PACE of cardiac contraction Preload- as preload increases, SV increases Afterload- the pressure the heart must work against Contractility- force that heart beats with 'Eart rate- changing HR changes CO due to the formula CO=HRxSV

Question 65

What is the difference between contractility and Starlings law?

Answer 65

In starlings law, myosin cross bridges are altered by sympathetic innervation With contractility, myosin cross bridges are altered by sympathetic innervation

Question 66

Where are the peripheral chemo and baroreceptors found?

Answer 66

The aortic arch and carotid sinus

Question 67

Where are the central baroreceptors found? (rather than peripheral)

Answer 67

Atria, ventricles and pulmonary artery

Question 68

Where are the central chemoreceptors found? (rather than preipheral)

Answer 68

Medulla

Question 69

What nerves supply the peripheral baroreceptors?

Answer 69

Aortic arch supplied by vagus nerve | Carotid sinus supplied by sinus nerve (a branch of the glossopharyngeal/CNIX nerve)

Question 70

What is the name of the hormone system that regulates blood pressure?

Answer 70

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 71

What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system control?

Answer 71

Blood pressure

Question 72

In reference to cardiovascular function, what is intrinsic and extrinsic regulation?

Answer 72

Intrinsic is also known as homeostatic. Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems adjust automatically in response to change. Extrinsic regulation- controlled by nervous or endocrine systems in response to activity e.g. exercise

Question 73

The intrinsic ability of the heart to adapt to changing volumes of venous return is also known as what?

Answer 73

Starling's law of the heart

Question 74

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system that can affect cardiac output?

Answer 74

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 75

Name 3 organs that are continuously conditioning the blood.

Answer 75

Lungs- gaseous exchange Kidneys- blood vol and electrolyte composition Skin- temperature

Question 76

What occurs during secondary haemostasis?

Answer 76

Formation of fibrin from fibrinogen by activated coagulating factors particularly thrombin. Fibrin stabalises a platelet plug.