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Cardiology: Key Information > Cardiothoracic Surgery > Flashcards

Cardiothoracic Surgery Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

what is coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)?

A

uses a graft blood vessel taken from elsewhere in the body to bypass a blockage in the coronary atery

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2
Q

where is the graft blood vessel usually taken from?

A

saphenous vein

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3
Q

scar in CABG

A

midline sternotomy scar

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4
Q

what does the right coronary artery supply (RCA)?

A

RA
RV
inferior aspect of LV
posterior septal area

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5
Q

what does the circumflex artery supply?

A

LA

posterior aspect of LV

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6
Q

what does LAD supply?

A

anterior aspect of the LV and anterior aspect of the septum

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7
Q

what does atherosclerosis cause?

A

stiffening of artery walls leading to hypertension and strain on the heart (increased resistance)
stenosis leading to reduced blood flow (angina)
plaque rupture, thrombus and ischaemia

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8
Q

what can ED be an indicator of?

A

arterial disease

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9
Q

what is cardiopulmonary bypass?

A

takes blood from the vena cava/ RA and pumps it through a machine that adds oxygen and removes CO2 fro the blood and pumps it back into the ascending aorta

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10
Q

what medication is given alongside cardiopulmonary bypass?

A

heparin

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11
Q

what is cardioplegia?

A

stopping the heart from beating

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12
Q

how to cause cardioplegia?

A

delivering a high K+ solution to the coronary circulation

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13
Q

three main options for graft vessels

A 
saphenous vein (inner leg)
internal thoracic artery
radial artery
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14
Q

what is a pedicled graft?

A

artery is proximally attached to original site whilst changing where it supplies

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15
Q

what is a free graft?

A

separated from its original connections

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16
Q

why are vein grafts not as good as arteries?

A

become stenosed (intimal hyperplasia)

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17
Q

how long is recovery in grafts?

A

3 months uncomplicated

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18
Q

heart valve scar

A

midline sternotomy (mitral or aortic)

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19
Q

types of valve replacements

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. bioprosthetic

2. metallic mechanical valve

20
Q

lifespan of bioprosthetic

21
Q

what is required in metallic mechanical valves?

Study These Flashcards
A

lifelong anticoagulation

22
Q

INR target in metallic mechanical valves

23
Q

types of metallic mechanical valves

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Starr-Edwards
  2. Tilting disc
  3. St Jude valves/ bileaflet valves
24
Q

why are star-edwards no longer used?

Study These Flashcards
A

high risk of thrombus formation

25
which metallic mechanical valve type has the lowest risk of thrombus formation
st judes/ bileaflet valves
26
major complications of mechanical heart valves
thrombus IE haemolysis/ anaemia
27
when is a transcatheter aortic valve implantation TAVI used?
severe aortic stenosis
28
procedure in a TAVI
catheter inserted into the femoral artery under XR | balloon inflated to stretch valve and implant a bioprosthetic valve
29
two divisions of congenital heart disease
1. cyanotic | 2. acyanotic
30
what is cyanotic heart disease
bypasses pulmonary circulation (right to left shunt)
31
conditions that cause cyanotic heart disease
VSD ASD PDA transposition of the great arteries
32
eisenmengers syndrome
blood flows across defect despite higher pressure in left size of the heart
33
types of ASD
1. PFO (not strictly classified as ASD) 2. ostium secondum 3. ostium primum (tends to lead to AVSD)
34
why does blood move from left to right?
higher pressure in the left side of the heart
35
what does blood movement to the right side of the heart cause?
RVH
36
DVT + stroke
ASD or VSD clot
37
murmur in ASD
mid-systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur at upper left sternal border with fixed split of S2 (pulmonary valve closing later due to blood flow increase)
38
management of ASD
watch and wait percutaneous catheter closure open heart surgery anticoagulation
39
VSD condition associations
DOwn's | Turner's
40
can VSD develop after MI?
yes
41
murmur in VSD
pan-systolic at lower left sternal border (3rd-4th ICS) systolic thrill
42
pan-systolic murmur
VSD mitral regurg tricupsid regurg
43
management of VSD
transvenous catheter closure open heart surgery risks IE
44
VVI pacing
used in atrial conditions as atria are not sending proper contractions to ventricles
45
fibrillation in the context of a normal HR
not particularly pathological
46
AAI pacing
used for SA node dysfunction
47
DDD mode pacing
both atria and ventricles

Cardiology: Key Information (42 decks)

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