Cardiovascular 1

Question 1

What does the cardiovascular system transport?

Answer 1

oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, nutrients, hormones, and immune system cells

Question 2

What is homeostasis?

Answer 2

Plays a central role in maintaining temperature, pH balance, water, electrolyte levels

Question 3

What are arteries?

Answer 3

They carry blood away from the heart

Question 4

What does the endothelium consist of in a blood vessel wall?

Answer 4

the thin, inner epithelium

Question 5

How many layers do artery walls have?

Answer 5

3

Question 6

What does the middle layer of the blood vessel wall consist of?

Answer 6

smooth muscle and elastic tissue

Question 7

What does the middle layer of the blood vessel wall help with?

Answer 7

Allowing the arteries to expand and recoil

Question 8

What are the outer layer of artery walls made of?

Answer 8

connective tissue

Question 9

What are arterioles?

Answer 9

small arteries

Question 10

What does the smooth muscle do in artery walls?

Answer 10

contracts to restrict the vessel, reducing blood flow and raising blood pressure. relaxes, dilating the vessel, increasing blood flow and reducing blood pressure

Question 11

What are capillaries?

Answer 11

microscopic vessels between arterioles and venules

Question 12

What are the walls of capillaries made of?

Answer 12

endothelium only one cell thick

Question 13

What happens at capillary beds?

Answer 13

gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur

Question 14

What do precapillary sphincters do?

Answer 14

control blood flow through the capillary bed

Question 15

What is blood pressure?

Answer 15

the pressure that blood exerts against a blood vessel wall

Question 16

What does blood pressure do?

Answer 16

moves blood in the arteries

Question 17

systolic pressure

Answer 17

the highest pressure; when blood is ejected from the heart

Question 18

diastolic pressure

Answer 18

the lowest pressure; when the ventricles relax

Question 19

What is the average blood pressure?

Answer 19

120/80 mmHg - systolic/diastolic

Question 20

What are the two forces that drive fluid in and out of the capillaries?

Answer 20

blood pressure and osmotic pressure

Question 21

what does blood pressure do in the capillaries?

Answer 21

drives fluid out, mainly at the arterial end of the capillary bed

Question 22

What does fluid from the capillaries contain?

Answer 22

everything that blood contains except cells and plasma proteins

Question 23

What does osmotic pressure do in the capillaries?

Answer 23

draws water into the capillary by osmosis, mostly at the venule end

Question 24

What are veins?

Answer 24

carry blood to the heart

Question 24

What are venules?

Answer 24

small veins that receive blood from the capillaries

Question 24

Are vein walls thinner than artery walls and why?

Answer 24

Yes so they can expand to hold more blood

Question 25

What is the difference between vein/venule walls and artery walls?

Answer 25

vein and venule walls have less smooth muscle in the middle layer

Question 26

What percent of the blood do the veins store at any one time?

Answer 26

70%

Question 27

Why are valves present in veins?

Answer 27

to prevent back flow of blood

Question 28

Is blood flow slow or fast in the capillaries and why?

Answer 28

slow, to increase the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes

Question 29

Does blood pressure decrease or increase as it flows away from the heart?

Answer 29

decreases

Question 30

What allows the blood flow to be adjusted in the capillaries?

Answer 30

precapillary sphincters

Question 31

Is blood pressure low or high in veins?

Answer 31

low, does not contribute much to the movement of blood

Question 32

What 3 factors is venous return dependent on?

Answer 32

skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, valves

Question 33

What does it mean that venous return is dependent on skeletal muscle pump?

Answer 33

skeletal muscle contraction helps drive blood back to the heart

Question 34

What does it mean that venous return is dependent on respiratory pump?

Answer 34

blood returning back to the heart is dependent on breathing

Question 35

What is hypertension?

Answer 35

high blood pressure (HBP)

Question 36

What characterizes hypertension?

Answer 36

a systolic pressure of 140 or greater or a diastolic pressure of over 90

Question 37

What does hypertension cause?

Answer 37

the pressure damages inner layer of vessels (endothelium), more prone to inflammation and build up

Question 38

What is the treatment for hypertension?

Answer 38

diuretics, which increase the production of urine, and other drugs

Question 39

What are some precursors to atherosclerosis?

Answer 39

high LDL cholesterol, excess triglycerides

Question 40

What is cholesterol?

Answer 40

biosynthesized by all animal cells and is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes

Question 41

What kind of cells synthesize 80% of cholesterol?

Answer 41

hepatic cells

Question 42

What is LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol?

Answer 42

"bad" cholesterol, makes up most of your body's cholesterol

Question 43

What is HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol?

Answer 43

"good" cholesterol, absorbs cholesterol in the blood and carries it back to the liver

Question 44

What are triglycerides?

Answer 44

main component of "fat" in the body. enzymes break down ingested fats into their component fatty acids, which are then reassembled to create triglyceride particles.

Question 45

What are extra calories in the diet stored as?

Answer 45

triglycerides

Question 46

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 46

a buildup of plaque in the walls of blood vessels

Question 47

What do atherosclerotic plaques do?

Answer 47

narrow the blood vessel diameter, decreasing blood supply to tissues

Question 48

What can atherosclerosis cause?

Answer 48

clots in the roughened walls of arteries

Question 49

What is a thrombus?

Answer 49

a stationary clot

Question 50

What is an embolus?

Answer 50

a clot that detaches and moves to distant sites