Cardiovascular

Question 1

which valves are the A/V valves?

Answer 1

tricuspid and mitral

Question 2

which valves are the semi-lunar valves?

Answer 2

pulmonary and aortic

Question 3

what are the locations for heart sounds?

Answer 3

left: pulmonary, aortic, mitral
right: tricupid

Question 4

what things are good to keep in mind before seeing patient/ when first observing patient?

Answer 4

signalment, age, ambulation (walking)

Question 5

how would a dog with difficulty breathing stand?

Answer 5

elbows abducted

Question 6

what should you note when watching respirations in a patient that is having difficulty breathing?

Answer 6

is the difficulty on inhalation or exhalation? depth? coughing?

Question 7

what are things that could be signs of cardio issues when looking at general appearance?

Answer 7

thin patients, patient with disproportionate body, large abdomen

Question 8

perfusion

Answer 8

passage of fluid through circulatory/ lympathic system to an organ or tissue

Question 9

what is associated with hypoperfusion?

Answer 9

ischemia (tissue death)

Question 10

what is associated with hyperperfusion?

Answer 10

renal failure

Question 11

diastole

Answer 11

relaxation of the heart

Question 12

systole

Answer 12

contraction of the heart

Question 13

mean

Answer 13

average pressure between 1 cardiac cycle

Question 14

CO

Answer 14

cardiac output
blood pumped from heart

Question 15

SVR

Answer 15

systemic vascular resistance
resistance of blood in circulation

Question 16

what is the normal systolic range?

Answer 16

110-160 mmHg

Question 17

what is the normal diastolic range?

Answer 17

70-90 mmHg

Question 18

what is the normal mean range?

Answer 18

85-120 mmHg

Question 19

what is the #1 cause of hypertension in small animals?

Answer 19

renal disease

Question 20

what are the CS of hypertension?

Answer 20

dilated pupils, acute blindness, neurologic signs: seizures, ataxia, stuporous/ comatose

Question 21

what are the CS of hypotension?

Answer 21

weakness, collapse, pale/white mm

Question 22

first heart sound S1

Answer 22

ventricular systole and closure of AV valves, makes LUB sound

Question 23

second heart sound

Answer 23

end of ventricular systole and corresponds with closure of semilunar valves, makes DUB sound

Question 24

what are heart arrythmias?

Answer 24

improper beating of the heart
occurs when electrical impulses of the heart don’t work properly

Question 25

what is a sinus arrythmia?

Answer 25

when ACh blocks electric impulses from going to the SA node heart rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration

Question 26

what is a gallop rhythm?

Answer 26

when each heart valve closes at a different time creating up to 4 different heart sounds

Question 27

what is a heart murmur?

Answer 27

turbulence disturbing the normal blood flow through the heart

Question 28

what are causes of heart murmurs?

Answer 28

dysfunction of the valves, blood viscosity (anemia), vessel diameter (narrow), innocent (structural for young patients and goes away when they get older)

Question 29

what is the best position to auscultate a patient in for heart murmurs and why?

Answer 29

sternal or standing because some murmurs can be positional

Question 30

what are heart murmurs characterized by?

Answer 30

intensity, timing, location

Question 31

what heart murmur intensities are characterized by a precordial thrill?

Answer 31

5/6 and 6/6

Question 32

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Answer 32

DA shunt doesn't close properly after birth causing the blood to continue by-passing the lungs

Question 33

what are the CS of PDA?

Answer 33

fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, runt puppies, large shunts not corrected will have fatal outcomes by 12 weeks

Question 34

what things influence the heart?

Answer 34

neuronal, hormonal, pressure control

Question 35

what BP monitors are used and important things about each?

Answer 35

oscillometric: machine that measures BP with cuffs doppler: only measures systolic BP, use machine to listen to blood flowing through artery and use pressure cuff with squeeze bulb

Question 36

radiographs

Answer 36

2D view of anatomy

Question 37

echocardiogram

Answer 37

like an ultrasound, shows structure and blood flow of heart, best for evaluating heart murmurs

Question 38

electrocardiogram

Answer 38

measures electrical activity of heart

Question 39

what breed is predisposed to mitral valve disease?

Answer 39

King Charles spaniel

Question 40

what breeds are predisposed to congestive heart disease?

Answer 40

boxers and cocker spaniels

Question 41

what breed is predisposed to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Answer 41

ragdoll cats

Question 42

what breeds are predisposed to dialated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Answer 42

golden retrievers and doberman pinchers