Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cardiovascular diseases involves…

A

The heart & blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Rigidity and often thickening of blood vessels
- due to deposition of fatty materials under the blood vessels

effects small blood vessels
full thickness

usually found in people with hypertension and diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens if arterioscleriosis occurs within the blood vessels?

A

Obstructs blood flow - less blood supply to organs = ischemia

prolonged ischemia can caused cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does Medial Calcific sclerosis occur?

A

in medium size arteries, no obstruction to blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder of intima of large and medium arteries characterised by the formation of fibr-fatty plaque AKA atheroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does atherosclerosis lead to?

A

Major cause of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction and hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cause of atherosclerosis

A

Modern lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How long does it take to produce clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis?

A

Primary atherosclerosis: decades
Transplant atherosclerosis:months - years
Re-stenosis after coronary bypass: months - years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two main causes of atherosclerosis?

A

Exact causes is not known - however 2 main hypotheses:
1. Lipid hypothesis
2. Injury hypothesis (stronger opinion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of Atherosclerosis - Lipid hypothesis

A

high lipid level - deposited in the blood vessels
hypothesis is supported by people with diabetes have higher lipid levels.

Also people with Familiar hyperlipidemia have v high levels of LDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of Atherosclerosis - Injury hypothesis

A

blood vessels are first injured - becomes leaky which allows LDL to go in and get deposited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can injury to blood vessels occur?

A

Hypertension
Oxidised LDL - MAIN cause
Infections
Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Risk factors of Atherosclerosis - Uncontrollable

A

Sex (more common in men)
Herditary
Race (white)
Age (elderly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Risk factors of Atherosclerosis - Controllable

A

Delay process of atherosclerosis
HBP - with medication
High Blood Cholesterol
Smoking
Physical activity
Obesity
Diabetes
Stress and Anger
Diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the lipid hypothesis?

A

Infiltration of intima with lipid is the primary atherogenic event due to raised blood lipid levels

Increased cholesterol is associated with a higher incidence of heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Triglyceride

A

saturated fat such as dairy products, animal fat, vegetable oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What foods are higher in cholesterol?

A

Liver, kidneys, eggs and prawns are higher in dietary cholesterol than other foods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What organs produce cholesterol

A

Liver and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lipid Metabolism - describe

A

Eat food containing lipid (cholesterol + triglyceride)
Packaged in chylomicrons within the intestine
Through circulation it is brought to skeletal muscle and fatty tissue where triglyceride is released.
Chylomicron with remaining cholesterol, is taken to the liver where it is deposited.
Liver cell also produces triglycerides
Cholesterol and triglycerides are packaged together into vLDL
Circulate
When it reaches the level of the muscles and fatty tissues - triglycerides are released with the help of lipoprotein lipase.
After removal of triglyceride remaining cholesterol is now LDL instead of vLDL.
Cholesterol is deposited into cells - each cell has a receptor called LDL receptor (LDLr).
Once there is excess deposition in a cell - has to be removed by HDL - deposits into liver.
Liver converts excess lipids into bile acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
- where is it made
- what does it contain
- function

A

Made in the liver
- Secreted into the bloodstream
- Contain triglyceride mainly but also cholesterol
Function: deliver TGs to body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Low density lipoprotein
- where is it made
- what does it contain
- function

A
  • Made in the Liver as VLDL
  • Arise from VLDL once it has lost a lot of its TG’s
  • Present in the bloodstream
  • Rich in cholesterol (contain 75% of cholesterol)
    Function: Deliver cholesterol to all body cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

High density lipoprotein
- where is it made
- what does it contain
- function

A

Made in the Liver and Small Intestine
Secreted into the bloodstream

Function: pick up cholesterol from body cells and take it back to the liver = “reverse cholesterol transport”
Potential to help reverse heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cholesterol levels in the blood - Total Cholesterol (TC)

A

5.0mMol/L or less
2 in 3 adults have a TC level of 5.0mMol/L or above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cholesterol levels in the blood - Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol after an overnight fast

Study These Flashcards
A

3.0mMol/L or less

25
Cholesterol levels in the blood - High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
1.2mmol/L or more
26
Cholesterol levels in the blood - TC/HDL cholesterol ratio
4 or less
27
Causes of hypercholesterolemia
Same as causes of hypertention and Heart attack Being overweight Heavy alcohol use Lack of exercise, inactive lifestyle & diet
28
What are the medical conditions associated with Hypercholesterolemia?
Diabetes  Hypothyroidism Familial hypercholesterolemia Polycystic ovary syndrome
29
Causes of endothelial cell injury
Oxidised LDL Hypoxia Shear stress of blood flow Hypertension Cytokines e.g. TNF-a Free radicals Viral infection Smoking Homocysteine - high level
30
Atherosclerosis: The response-to-injury hypothesis pathogenesis
Injury > increased permeability, LDL & monocyte migration Accumulation of lipoproteins ) in intima platelet adhesion Monocyte adhesion and converted into macrophage Lipid accumulation in macrophages (foam cells) – inflammatory cytokines released cytokine release allows smooth muscle to move into the intima smooth muscle secretes fibres - forms thick cap
31
Stages of Arteriosclerosis
Starts at 10-14 yrs 1. Endothelial damage - entry of lipid into intimia 2. Fatty streaks 3. Advanced lesions
32
Systemic distribution of atherosclerosis
Common sites: LARGE VESSELS - Aorta, carotid artery, Iliac artery MEDIUM VESSELS - coronary artery, cerebral artery and limb vessels SMALL BLOOD VESSELS AND VEINS ARE NOT INVOLVED
33
What are the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis?
Coronary heart disease - stable angina, acute myocardial infarction, sudden death, unstable angina Cerebrovascular disease - stroke Peripheral arterial disease - intermittent claudication, gangrene
34
What are the consequences of atheroma?
1. Narrowing of lumen 2. Plaques undergo changes 3. Thrombus formation > ischemia > infarction 4. Embolism: thrombus can break away to become emboli 5. Atrophy of media > weakening of wall > aneurysm > rupture > thrombus
35
Complications
Thrombosis Rupture - haemorrhage Aneurism Fibrosis and calcification Ischemia: Angina/infarction Stroke, myocardial infarction, renal infarction Intermittent claudication, gangrene
36
What is used to make a diagnosis?
1. Angiography - inserted into the femoral artery - moved into the aorta and when it reaches the coronary arteries, contract dye is injected to visualise it. 2. Ultrasound
37
What is the main contributor of atherosclerosis?
LDL, which carries cholesterol into the arterial wall, is oxidised by the endothelium and is a major contributor to atherosclerosis.
38
What is angina pectoris?
Episodic chest pain caused by lack of oxygen to the myocardium due to atherosclerotic narrowing of coronary arteries
39
What is angina pectoris precipitated and relieved by?
by exertion and is relieved by rest or vasodilators e.g. nitroglycerin
40
How long does angina pectoris pain last?
10 minutes
41
What is acute myocardial infarction?
An irreversible myocardial injury as a result of prolonged ischemia due to coronary artery atherosclerosis
42
Which ventricle is most commonly involved in acute myocardial infarction?
Left ventricle (works harder)
43
right ventricular infarction usually represents....
When right ventricular infarction occurs, it is almost always represents an extension of severe left ventricular infarction
44
What is Transmural infarction?
It traverses the entire ventricular wall from endocardium to pericardial surface. most common form of MI
45
What is Subendocardial infarction?
limited to interior one-third of the wall of the left ventricle
46
Coronary arteries percentage involvement in MI
Left CA - separated into two 1. Anterior descending (40-50%) 2. Left circumflex (15-20%) Right CA (30-40%)
47
What are the positions of left ventricular infarctions
Posterolateral infarct Anterior infarct A posterior infarct
48
Posterolateral Infarct
following blockage of the left circumflex artery
49
Anterior infarct
follows blockage of the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery
50
Posterior infarct
results from blockage of the right coronary artery and involves the posterior wall.
51
What are the clinical manifestations of an MI
Chest pain (typically radiating to the left arm or left side of the neck - more than 20 mins) Shortness of breath Nausea, vomiting, palpitations, sweating and anxiety Fatigue
52
What is a silent MI and what percentage of MI's are silent?
MI without chest pan or other symptoms 1 quarter of all MI's are silent
53
Development of myocardial infarction during 24hrs microscopically
54
Diagnosis of myocardial infarction
History ECG: Q wave depression, ST segment elevation or depression Laboratory: detection of cardiac proteins in serum
55
What serums are detected to diagnose MI's
Creatine Kinase MB: strongly positive at 12-16hrs and remain elevated 24hrs after infarct Troponin I: strongly positive at 12-16hrs and remain elevated 4-6 days after infarct Troponin T: strongly positive at 12-16hrs and remain positive more than 6 days after infarct Lactate dehydrogenase: peaks at 3-4 days and remain elevated for up to 10 days.
56
Treatment of heart attack
Oxygen, aspirin, and analgesia are usually administered as so glyceryl trinitrate. Morphine is classically used if nitroglycerin is not effective due to its ability to dilate blood vessels. Once the diagnosis of MI is confirmed, other pharmacologic agents are often given. These include beta-blockers, anticoagulation and possibly additional antiplatelet agents such as clopidogrel. When these therapies are unsuccessful, Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) such as Angioplasty (mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel) or Coronary artery bypass graft surgery is needed.
57
Angioplasty
where a narrowed section of a coronary artery is widened by using a balloon and a stent attached to a catheter
58
Coronary artery bypass surgery
Arteries/veins from elsewhere in the patient's body are grafted to the coronary arteries to bypass atherosclerotic narrowings and improve the blood supply to the coronary circulation supplying the myocardium.
59
What are the complications of MI
Arrytheymia - most common cause of death in first several hours after infarction. Myocardial failure can lead to congestive failure/or shock Myocardial rupture - occurs in 1% of all cases within 3-5 days and may result in death from cardiac temponade (compression of heart by haemorrhage into pericardial space) Rupture of papillary muscles Mural thrombosis Ventricular aneurysm Pericaditis

Pathology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions