cardiovascular

Question 1

blood flow path

Answer 1

R to lungs, L to body.

R atrium -> R ventricle -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> L atrium -> L ventrile -> aorta

Question 2

preload = afterload

Answer 2

what enters heart = what exits heart

for tissue perfusion

Question 3

effusion

Answer 3

fluid in a 3rd space

pulmonary = in lungs
- from increased preload

pleural = around lungs

ascites = clear fluid in abdomen

Question 4

secondary heart disease

Answer 4

systemic = hyperthyroid, renal disease

infection = periodontal, heartworm, hardware

toxicity = arsenic, snake bites

metabolic = copper/selenium deficiency

Question 5

top 4 heart diseases

Answer 5

1) mitral valve insufficiency (endocardiosis)
2) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (cat)
3) dilated cardiomyopathy (dog)
4) endocarditis (cow)

Question 6

signs

Answer 6

syncope
weakness
open mouth breathing (cats)
coughing
exercise intolerance

Question 7

sinus arrhythmia

Answer 7

sinus = SA node

normal in dogs + horses
predictably increases with breathing

• pathological only is unpredictable

Question 8

heart murmur

Answer 8

turbulence from backflow through valve

systole = between lub (AV closing) + dub (aortic + pulmonary valves closing)

diastole = between dub lub

Question 9

most accurate diagnosis?

Answer 9

echocardiogram
(heart ultrasound)

Question 10

dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 10

big heart
- great danes, dobermans
- L/R muscles same thickness (L should be thicker)

• syncope, exercise intolerance
• taurine deficiency in cats
• possibly grain-free diet in dogs

Question 11

what happens when a heart is weak?

Answer 11

BP down -> less perfusion

Question 12

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Answer 12

increased growth of heart in cats
- grows to the inside (ventricle volume decreased), not pumping out as much as it should
- Maine coon, rag doll

C/S:
- open mouth breathing
- cyanosis
- collapse

• never stress these cats!!

secondary to hyperthyroid in cats
secondary to mitral valve in dogs
- or secondary to any disease that makes the heart work harder

Question 13

sequelae of HCM

Answer 13

LV muscle thickened
-> blood in lungs

heart pumps faster to compensate

DEATH = pleural effusion + pulmonary edema inhibit gas exchange

Question 14

R vs L failure

Answer 14

R = backup in body (ascites)
L = fluid in lungs

Question 15

treatment goals

Answer 15

1) treat underlying condition
2) decrease heart’s workload
3) keep BP normal
4) prevent thromboembolic
5) avoid stress

Question 16

valve disease

Answer 16

• endocardiosis: thickening (dogs)
• mitral valve not what it used to be (stiff, thick from pumping harder to compensate)
• murmur from backflow in LA
• endocarditis: inflammation (cattle)
• bacterial = secondary
• rumen magnets prevent

Question 17

heart failure

Answer 17

1) heart can’t pump to meet tissue demands
2) backup from not pumping enough (congestive HF)

Question 18

subclinical HF

Answer 18

• BP compensation (vasoconstrcition, body retains water)
• treatment must be for life
• becomes clinical when heart is failing more than body can compensate for.

Question 19

L sided HF

Answer 19

fluid in alveoli

• open mouth breathing
• cyanosis
• shallow breath

Question 20

R sided HF

Answer 20

liver failure
abdominal ascites
distended jugular veins

Question 21

HF treatment

Answer 21

restrict activity
reduce salt (holds fluid) -> more blood volume)
vasodilators or diuretics to decrease BP