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Ruminant Final > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are clinical signs of heart disease?

A

Edema, abnormal jugular vein, body cavity effusion, exercise intolerance, diarrhea, hepatomegaly, proteinuria, arrhythmias, murmurs, fever, death

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2
Q

What are differentials for edema?

A

Hypoproteinemia, lymphatic/venous obstruction, udder edema

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3
Q

What are differentials for abnormal jugular veins?

A

Thrombosis, phlebitis

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4
Q

How is heart disease diagnosed?

A

Cardiac auscultation, radiographs, pericardiocentesis, ECG, echocardiogram, BP measurements

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5
Q

What are normal heart rates for adult and neonate cattle and small ruminants?

A

Calves- 100-120bpm
Cattle- 60-80bpm
SR neonates- 120-140bpm
SR- 70-90bpm

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6
Q

Do cattle have benign arrhythmias? Do goats or camelids?

A

Cattle- no
Goats and camelids- sometimes sinus arrhythmias

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7
Q

Describe the appearance of a cow’s ECG

A

Positive P wave, upside-down QRS, T wave can be positive, negative, or biphasic

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8
Q

What congenital heart defects occur in cattle and how do they present?

A

VSD, ectopia cordis, PDA
Young animal with history of lethargy, weakness, exercise intolerance, with holosystolic, holodiastolic, or continuous murmur

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9
Q

What is the most common cardiac defect in cattle?

A

VSD

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10
Q

What breeds of cattle are predisposed to VSDs?

A

Limousine, Hereford

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11
Q

How does blood shunt in a VSD?

A

Left to right

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of a VSD?

A

Loud harsh murmur heard loudest over tricuspid area and a little softer over the pulmonic valve area, lethargy, poor growth, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, atrial fibrillation

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13
Q

How are VSDs diagnosed and treated in cattle?

A

Echocardiogram
No practical treatment

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14
Q

Describe ectopia cordis cervicalis

A

Heart found in abnormal location (cervical, pectoral, abdomen), associated with multiple heart defects

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15
Q

PDA results in what direction shunting?

A

Left to right

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of a PDA?

A

Continuous high pitched murmur louder on left, lethargy, poor growth, dyspnea, exercise intolerance

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17
Q

Can you treat a PDA in cattle?

A

No

18
Q

What are differentials for right sided heart failure in a ruminant?

A

Lymphosarcoma (right atrium)
High altitude disease
Endocarditis
Mediastinal mass

19
Q

What is brisket disease and where does it occur?

A

Occurs in high altitudes (>6000ft), pulmonary hypertension causing right sided heart failure (right ventricular hypertrophy), may have genetic component, occurs in calves and yearlings

20
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of brisket disease

A

Pulmonary arteriolar constriction occurs in response to hypoxia, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary hypertension occurs, pressure overload of the right ventricle leads to hypertrophy, dilation, and heart failure

21
Q

What toxin can lead to high altitude/brisket disease?

A

Locoweed (swainsonine)

22
Q

What are the clinical signs of brisket disease?

A

Edema, lethargy, weakness, bulging eyes, diarrhea, collapse, death, jugular vein distension, abnormal jugular vein pulse, dyspnea and tachypnea

23
Q

How is brisket disease diagnosed?

A

History, location, PE findings, pulmonary hypertension (60-80mmHg)

24
Q

How is brisket disease treated/prevented?

A

Move to lower altitude, decrease stress, select breeding stock with PAP scores <35mmHg at elevations of 5000ft

25
Q

What is the heart valve most commonly affected by endocarditis?

A

Tricuspid

26
Q

What are possible causes of endocarditis?

A

Degenerative changes, trauma, myocardial disease, inflammation, bacterial infection (Trueperella pyogenes, Strep, Staph, E. coli, Klebsiella)

27
Q

What are the clinical signs of endocarditis?

A

Cardiac murmur, exercise intolerance, arrhythmias, weight loss, tachycardia, jugular vein distension, edema

28
Q

How is endocarditis diagnosed?

A

Echocardiogram, CBC with stress leukogram, blood culture

29
Q

What is the treatment for endocarditis?

A

Long term antimicrobials aimed and G+ species- penicillin; furosemide, prognosis guarded/poor if clinical signs present

30
Q

What are causes of pericarditis?

A

TRP, sepsis, extension of thoracic infection, neoplasia

31
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of pericardial disease

A

Bacterial proliferation in pericardial space -> inflammatory reaction -> neutrophil influx -> abscess -> inelastic pericardial sac and increased fluid pressure -> constrictive pericarditis

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of pericarditis?

A

Fever, anorexia, depression, weight loss, peripheral edema, jugular vein distention, tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, splashing heart sounds

33
Q

How is pericarditis diagnosed?

A

CBC and chemistry, radiographs, pericardiocentesis with >1.013 and protein >3.0g/dl, predominantly neutrophils and pH <7.3

34
Q

How is pericarditis treated?

A

Poor prognosis- rumen magnet, rumenotomy, prolonged antimicrobial therapy, pericardiectomy and rib resection with pericardial marsupilization

35
Q

What are causes of right to left sided heart failure?

A

White muscle disease
Ionophore toxicity
Gossypol toxicity
Myocarditis
Cardiomyopathy

36
Q

Describe white muscle disease

A

Occurs in selenium deficient areas, usually affects calves 2w-6m old, weakness, dyspnea, coughing, ascites and sudden death may appear, treat by supplementing surviving calves

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ionophores?

A

Alter sodium and potassium transport across cell membranes

38
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of ionophore toxicity

A

Sodium influx into cells, intracellular calcium concentrations rise, mitochondria swell, cell osmolarity changes

39
Q

What are the clinical signs of ionophore toxicity?

A

Anorexia, muscle tremors, diarrhea, sweating, weakness, arrhythmias, dyspnea

40
Q

How is ionophore toxicity diagnosed?

A

Decreased potassium and calcium, increased BUN, AST, and CK, GI contents can be analyzed
Pale areas and areas of hemorrhage in myocardium, degeneration and necrosis of cardiac muscle with inflammation seen in necropsy

41
Q

How is ionophore toxicity treated?

A

Remove feed
Possibly activated charcoal

Ruminant Final (12 decks)

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