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Differential Dx > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three common items that lead to blood clotting?

A

Venous stasis, hypercoaguability, and vessel damage

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2
Q

(true/false) Dyspnea is often associated with chronic heart AND lung disease.

A

True

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3
Q

What are causes of dyspnea?

A

activity, exertion, or body position

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4
Q

What position is optimal for offloading the pulmonary system?

A

seated and standing

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5
Q

What position is optimal for offloading the heart?

A

supine

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6
Q

Why is dyspnea worse at night?

A

Fluid collection ā€“> indicative of possible CHF

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7
Q

What are causes of coughing?

A

illness, medication, cardiac disease

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8
Q

A cough becomes chronic if it lasts how long?

A

> 3 weeks

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9
Q

What is a non-productive cough often associated with?

A

ACE-inhibitors

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10
Q

If a cough is nocturnal, what should you suspect?

A

HF

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11
Q

Coughing caused by allergies should have what colored sputum?

A

clear

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12
Q

Coughing caused by illness will have what colored sputum?

A

green

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13
Q

Coughing caused by damage to the bronchioles will have what colored sputum?

A

rust colored

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14
Q

What is peripheral edema commonly associated with?

A

venous insufficiency, CHF, DVT, pulmonary HTN

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15
Q

Edema measurements should be taken where?

A

> 1 cm above the ankles
2 cm at the midcalf

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16
Q

Palpitations are associated with what?

A

arrythmias

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17
Q

What are causes of syncope?

A
  • reduction in blood flow to the brain
  • metabolic origins
  • psychogenic origins
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18
Q

Does the incidence of syncope trend upward or downward with age?

A

upward

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19
Q

What is a common finding with acute MI?

A

pain with sweating

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20
Q

When examining pain with sweating, what should you look for?

A

Atypical pain patterns and diaphoresis

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21
Q

What are atypical pain patterns with sweating?

A

tooth
R shoulder
Midthoracic region
Bilateral arm pain
ulnar/T1 distribution

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22
Q

What are red flags for MI?

A
  • chest pain
  • PMH of CAD, HTN, Smoking, DM, elevated cholestrol (> 240)
  • men over 40
  • females over 50
  • pressure in the chest
  • pain in shoulder, neck, or arms
  • lightheadedness/fainting
  • SOB
  • sweating
  • nausea w/o chest discomfort
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23
Q

What are the 3 Pā€™s to rule out MI?

A

Pleuritic pain worsened with deep breathing

pain with palpation

Pain with changes in posture

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24
Q

What is the cardiac pain pattern for men experiencing an MI?

A

substernal pressure

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25
(true/false) Women will have subtle s/s of MI
true
26
Where do most women and elderly people have pain when experiencing an MI?
R biceps pain
27
Heart attack pain is relieved by what position?
supine
28
What is the normal presentation of stable angina?
- predictable pattern - alleviated by rest and/or medications
29
What is the normal presentation of unstable angina?
- Unpredictable pattern - Doesn't respond to nitroglycerin
30
What s/s of unstable angina warrant immediate transport to the ED?
- substernal squeezing/crushing pressure - SOB, pallor, or diaphoresis - angina lasting > 30 mins
31
What is the typical angina pain pattern?
Unilateral neck and upper trap pain + T1 distribution
32
What is the atypical angina pattern seen in females?
chest/abdominal pain, sternal pain, middle trap pain
33
What are red flags for stable angina?
- chest pain/pressure that occurs with predictable levels of exertion - s/s are predictably alleviated with rest or sublingual nitroglycerine
34
What are red flags for unstable angina?
- chest pain that occurs outside of the predictable pattern - no response to nitroglycerin
35
What is the angina scale?
1+ light/barely noticeable 2+ Moderate/bothersome 3+ Severe/very uncomfortable 4+ Most severe pain ever experienced
36
What is angina often misdiagnosed as?
TMJ/TMD
37
What population is angina most commonly found in?
post-menopausal women
38
Angina is delayed __-__ minutes after activity
3-5 minutes
39
When do pericarditis s/s emerge?
When increased HR isn't sufficient
40
What are s/s for pericarditis?
- labored breathing - venous distention - decreased BP with inhalation (cardiac tamponade) - faster HR - weaker contractions
41
What are red flags for pericarditis?
- sharp/stabbing chest pain that is referred to the lateral neck or shoulder - increased pain with LEFT S/L - pain is relieved with FWD lean while sitting
42
With CHF, different positions cause a(n) (increase/decrease) in fluid retention.
increase
43
What are s/s of CHF?
fatigue dyspnea edema nocturia
44
definition: narrowing or constriction preventing the valve from opening fully
stenosis
45
definition: when a valve does not close properly & blood flows back into the heart chamber
insufficiency/regurgitation
46
definition: occurs when enlarged valve leaflets bulge backward into the left atrium
prolapse
47
Prolapse of a valve only affects what valve?
mitral valve
48
What is rheumatic fever?
An infection caused by streptococcal bacteria
49
What population is rheumatic fever commonly seen in?
5-15 y/o
50
(true/false) rheumatic fever can be fatal or lead to rheumatic heart disease
true
51
What is rheumatic heart disease?
chronic condition caused by scarring and deformity of the heart valves
52
What do the leaflets show when mitral valve prolapse is present?
- increased extensibility - Decreased stiffness - decreased Strength
53
What is "floppy valve" syndrome?
mitral valve prolapse
54
What is the triad that is indicative of mitral valve prolapse?
- palpitations - fatigue - dyspnea
55
What do statins do?
decrease LDL
56
What do diuretics do?
decrease BP
57
What do beta-blockers do?
relaxes blood vessels and the heart
58
What do alpha-1 blockers and ACE inhibitors do?
dilate blood vessels --> decrease BP
59
What do calcium channel blockers do?
prevents blood vessel constriction
60
What do nitrates do?
dilate the coronary arteries
61
What are red flags associated with chest pain WITHOUT the presence of cardiac disease?
- < 40 y/o - Type A male - neurotic female - high perceived level of vital exhaustion - recent uncontrollable and undesirable life events
62
What are guidelines for IMMEDIATE medical attention?
- sudden worsening of intermittent claudication - TIA - no relief with medication, position, or rest - changes in angina pattern (increased intensity, decreased threshold, longer duration of symptoms)
63
What occurs during S1 cardiac sound?
Start of systole --> Mitral and Tricuspid heart valve closure during heart contraction
64
What occurs during S2 cardiac sound?
End of systole --> aortic and pulmonic valve closure during relaxation
65
What occurs during S3 heart sound (if present)?
- During ventricular filling; enlarged left ventricle?
66
A S3 cardiac sound is normal for patients of what age?
< 40 y/o
67
What population can you commonly hear a S4 cardiac sound?
Can be heard in trained athletes or in older adults
68
What causes a S4 cardiac sound?
- decreased ventricular compliance - increased ventricular stiffness - increased resistance
69
If S3 heart sound is present in patients over the age of 40, what is the possible cause?
Left ventricular failure
70
Left ventricular failure is characterized by what?
- myocardial failure - volume overload of the ventricle - decreased contractility
71
When do heart murmurs occur?
S1 --> S2 OR S2 --> S1
72
What murmur type occurs from S1 --> S2?
systolic
73
What murmur type occurs from S2 --> S1?
diastolic
74
What pathology causes a SYSTOLIC murmur in the mitral area at the apex?
mitral insufficiency
75
What pathology causes a SYSTOLIC murmur in the aortic area?
Aortic stenosis
76
What pathology causes a DIASTOLIC murmur in the mitral area at the apex?
mitral stenosis
77
What pathology causes a DIASTOLIC murmur in the aortic area?
aortic insufficiency
78
What pathology causes a murmur in the tricuspid area (both systolic and diastolic murmur)?
ventricular septal defect
79
What pathology causes a murmur in the aortic and pulmonic areas (both systolic and diastolic murmur)?
atrial septal defect
80
Murmurs normally have a (short/long) duration.
long duration

Differential Dx (13 decks)

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