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cardiovascular Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

drugs are used to treat what cardiovascular diseases?

A 
hypertention
CHF
MI/angina pectoris
arrhythmia
thrombosis
hyperlipidemia
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2
Q

stage 1 hypertension?

A

140/90 to 159/99

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3
Q

stage 2 hypertension?

A

160/100 to 179/109

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4
Q

stage 3 hypertension?

A

180/110 and above

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5
Q

what is prehypertension

A

120/80 to 139/89

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6
Q

what is isolated systolic hypertension?

A

SBP (top number) is above 140, DBP (bottom) is normal (80)

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7
Q

risk factor for hypertension?

A 
Blood relatives with hypertension
Men over the age of 55
Post-menopausal women
Obesity
Smoking
Diabetes
High blood cholesterol
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8
Q

Complications of hypertension?

A

Cerebrovascular hemorrhage, stroke, renal failure, heart failure, myocardial infarction, retinal damage.

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of hypertension?

A

primary and secondary

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10
Q

what is primary hypertension? aka? percent?

A

idiopathic, 95%

  • High sodium in diet or sodium retention
  • Enhanced sympathetic nerve activity
  • Perturbations in Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system
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11
Q

what is secondary hypertension?

A

Precipitated by chronic renal disease (diabetic nephropathy), Pheochromocytoma, stress, aortic coarctation

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12
Q

look at slide 5

A

look at slide 5

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13
Q

what happens if the left side of the heart under a lot of pressure?

A 
increased resistance (heart has to work harder)
will cause volume load on the right side
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14
Q

what factors influence blood pressure?

A

1-Vascular resistance
2-Blood volume
3-Cardiac output

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15
Q

what is vascular resistance?

A

pressure load on the heart.

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16
Q

what is blood volume

A

volume load on the heart

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17
Q

what is CO?

A

amount of blood the heart pumps per unit of time

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18
Q

what is the main thing that we can change to affect BP? what can we not change?

A

resistance

can’t change CO

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19
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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20
Q

how does a diuretic work?

A

it lowers BP by lowering blood volume

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21
Q

how can we lower blood volume without medication?

Study These Flashcards
A

lower H2O and sodium intake

22
Q

what filters blood?

23
Q

after blood gets filtered, where does NaCl get taken up into the body?

Study These Flashcards
A

uptake happens in the proximal convoluted tubule and the Loop of Henle

24
Q

what is the loop of henle responsible for?

Study These Flashcards
A

bulk or water and iron reabsorption

25
give an example of a loop diuretic
manatol
26
osmotic diuretics are not used for what?
HTN
27
how do thiazides work?
works on convoluted tubules
28
how does K+ sparing work?
works on collecting ducts
29
2 examples of loop high ceiling diuretics
furosemide and bumetanide
30
how do loop high ceiling diuretics work?
Inhibition of Na+, K+, | Cl- reabsorption in the loop of Henle resulting in electrolyte and fluid excretion.
31
what are the indications for loop high ceiling diuretics?
Treatment of acute pulmonary edema congestive heart failure (CHF) hypertension
32
what are the adverse effects of loop high ceiling diuretics?
Electrolyte imbalances e.g. hyponatremia, hypokalemia (leads to cardiac arrhythmia), reactive increase in renin levels, alkalosis, hyperuricemia.
33
Loop of Henle is responsible for what percent of NaCl absorption?
50-70%
34
what are thiazide or thiazide like diuretics used for?
HTN | CHF
35
how do thiazide or thiazide like diuretics work?
Inhibition of Na+, Cl- reabsorption the distal convoluted tubule effects: hyponatremia and hypokalemia
36
what are the side effects of thiazide or thiazide like diuretics?
Electrolyte imbalances e.g. hyponatremia, hypokalemia (leads to cardiac arrhythmia), reactive increase in renin levels, alkalosis, hyperuricemia
37
what are some examples of thiazide or thiazide like diuretics?
Chlorothiazide (Diuril) Hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril) Metolazone (Zaroxolyn).
38
what kind of drug is Spironolactone (Aldactone)?
aldosterone antagonist | K+ sparing diuretic
39
how does Spironolactone work?
Competitive blocker of aldosterone receptors in collecting duct, decrease the Na+/K+ exchange
40
what is Spironolactone used for?
HTN CHF Co-administered with thiazides or loop diuretics
41
what are the adverse effects of Spironolactone?
Life-threatening hyperkalemia, gynecomastia, impotence, decreased libido, acidosis.
42
what is aldosterone?
a mineralocorticoid/hormone secreted from adrenal cortex and works on the collecting ducts to enhance exchange of Na+ and K+.
43
cortisol drives up what?
glucose (called glucocortisoid)
44
what happens when aldosterone is used?
``` sodium is retained, potassium is lost, must use an aldosterone agonist the agonist (which is a K+ sparing diuretic, causes potassium retention and sodium loss ```
45
what organ can too much K+ affect?
heart
46
what type of drugs are Amiloride (Midamor) and Triamterene (Dyrenium)?
K+-Sparing Diuretics: Renal Na+ Channel Inhibitors-
47
how do K+-Sparing Diuretics Renal Na+ Channel Inhibitors work?
Inhibit Na+ channels in collecting duct, leading to inhibition of Na+ reabsorption, and K+ sparing.
48
what are the indications of K+-Sparing Diuretics Renal Na+ Channel Inhibitors?
In combination therapy with thiazides to treat hypertension and CHF
49
what are the adverse effects of K+-Sparing Diuretics Renal Na+ Channel Inhibitors?
Hyperkalemia, | acidosis
50
what are some common diuretic drug combinations?
thiazide and K+ sparing diuretics | thiazides cause K+ loss, K+ diuretic fights it
51
examples of what common diuretic drug combinations?
Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide (Moduretic) | Spironolactone and isobutylhydrocholorthiazide (Aldazide)

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