Cardiovascular Flashcards

(108 cards)

1
Q

Nomme des exemples : inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine (IECA) (ACE inhibitor)

A

-PRIL
* Lisinopril
* Enalapril
* Captopril
* Ramipril

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2
Q

Décrire mécanisme : inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine (IECA) (ACE inhibitor) (4)

A
  1. Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme
  2. Prevent conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
  3. Lower levels of angiotensin 2 = reduced aldosterone
  4. Lower blood pressure
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3
Q

Nommez les indications : inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine (IECA) (ACE inhibitor) (4)

A
  • HTA
  • Chronic heart failure
  • Post MI
  • CKD progression prevention
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4
Q

Name advese effects : inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine (IECA) (ACE inhibitor) (5)

A
  • Dry cough (Consider changing to ARA - sartan)
  • Acute kidney injury
  • Muscle cramps
  • Dizziness
  • HyperK+
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5
Q

Describe monitoring : inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine (IECA) (ACE inhibitor) (2)

A
  • Blood pressure
  • K+ level
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6
Q

Name C-I : inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine (IECA) (ACE inhibitor) (1)

A

Pregnancy (cause injury and death to the developping fetus)

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7
Q

Name patient advice : inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine (IECA) (ACE inhibitor) (1)

A

Advise the first dose before bedtime (first-dose phenomenon)

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8
Q

Name exemples : Les antagonistes des récepteurs de l’angiotensine (ARA)

A

-SARTAN
* Losartan
* Telmisartan
* Valsartan

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9
Q

Describe mechanism of action : Les antagonistes des récepteurs de l’angiotensine (ARA) (3)

A
  1. Block angiotensin 2 receptor
  2. Blocking vasoconstriction effect and aldosterone scretion
  3. Lower blood pressure
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10
Q

Name indications : Les antagonistes des récepteurs de l’angiotensine (ARA) (4)

A
  • HTA
  • Chronic heart failure
  • Post MI
  • CKD progression prevention
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11
Q

Name adverse effects : Les antagonistes des récepteurs de l’angiotensine (ARA) (5)

A
  • HyperK+
  • Acute kidney injury
  • Muscle cramps
  • Dizziness

WON’T cause dry caugh

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12
Q

Describe monitoring : Les antagonistes des récepteurs de l’angiotensine (ARA) (2)

A
  • Blood pressure
  • K+ level
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13
Q

Name C-I : Les antagonistes des récepteurs de l’angiotensine (ARA) (1)

A

Pregnancy
Cause injury and death to the developping fetus

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14
Q

Name patient advice : Les antagonistes des récepteurs de l’angiotensine (ARA) (1)

A

Advise the first dose before bedtime (first-dose phenomenon)

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15
Q

Name class members of BETABLOCKERS

A

-LOL
* Metoprolol
* Atenolol
* Propanolol
* Labetalol
* Carvedilol
* Bisoprolol

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16
Q

Describe mechanism : Beta-blockers (4)

A
  1. Bloquer les récepteurs bêta dans le cœur et les vaisseaux
  2. Réduire FC, la contractilité et la pression artérielle
  3. ⬇️ travail ventriculaire gauche et des besoins en oxygène
  4. Résultat final: Réduire la pression artérielle, aider à lutter contre l’angine
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17
Q

Name indications : Beta-blockers (3)

A
  • Angina
  • MI prevention
  • CHF (only some BB can treat CHF)
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18
Q

Name BBlockers that can treat CHF (3)

A
  • Metoprolol XR
  • Carvedilol
  • Bisoprolol
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19
Q

Name adverse effects : Betablockers (4)

A
  • Bronchospasme
  • Dyspnée
  • Bradycardie et hypotension
  • Heart block
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20
Q

Name cautions : Betablockers (1)

A

In diabetic patients, it may mask signs of hypoglycemia

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21
Q

Name C-I : Betablockers (4)

A
  • Heart block
  • Severe hypotension
  • Uncontrolled HF
  • Poorly controlled airway disease
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22
Q

Describe monitoring : Betablockers (1)

A

Monitor blood pressure for efficacy

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23
Q

Describe mechanism : Hydralazine (3)

A
  1. Direct vasodilation of arterioles
  2. Reduces blood pressure

Exact MOA is still unknown

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24
Q

Name indications : Hydralazine (3)

A
  • Severe HTN
  • CHF
  • Hypertensive emergency in pregnancy (off-label)
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25
Name adverse effects : Hydralazine (4)
* Lupus-like syndrome * Reflex tachycardia * Flushing * GI upset
26
Describe : Drug-induced lupus syndrome (3)
* Up to 10% of patients with hydralazine (at dose of > or = 200 mg, for 3 or more months) * Reversible upon discutinuation * Exact mechanism is unknown : may occur via IL-10 suppression at higher doses of hydralazine
27
Name class members : Bloqueur des canaux calciques (BCC) (4)
Dihydropyridine (DHP) * Nife**dipine** * Amlo**dipine** Non-Dihydropyridine (non-DHP) * Diltiazem * Verapamil
28
Describe mechanism : Bloqueur des canaux calciques (BCC) (4)
1. Empêche le **Ca** de pénétrer dans le canal lent du muscle lisse vasculaire 2. = **vasodilatation coronarienne** 3. Augmenter l'apport d'oxygène au myocarde chez les patients souffrant d'angine 4. Pour -dipine, agit également sur les muscles lisses vasculaires pour produire une vasodilatation artérielle périphérique et réduire la TA
29
Name indications : Bloqueur des canaux calciques (BCC) (3)
* Hypertension * Prevention of angina * Supra-ventricular tachycardia (Verapamil)
30
Name adverse effects : Bloqueur des canaux calciques (BCC) (4)
* **Peripheral edema** * Flushing * Palpitation * Dizziness
31
Describe caution : Bloqueur des canaux calciques (BCC) (2)
* In practice, mainly dihydropyridines are used for hypertension * If induced edema occurs, cessation of treatment (but not adding diuretics)
32
Describe monitoring : Bloqueur des canaux calciques (BCC) (1)
Monitor blood pressure for efficacy
33
Describe mechanism : Nitrate (6)
* Fournir une source exogène d’oxyde nitrique * Détente des muscles lisses * Provoquer une vasodilatation * Réduire le travail cardiaque et la congestion pulmonaire * Diminuer les besoins en oxygène du cœur. * Résultat final : Aide en cas d'insuffisance cardiaque et d'angine de poitrine.
34
Name class members : Nitrate (3)
* Isosorbide **mono**nitrate * Isosorbide **di**nitrate * Glycery **tri**nitrate (GTN)
35
Name indications : Nitrate (2)
* Angina : GTN for acute relief, mononitrate/dinitrate for prevention * CHF
36
Describe caution : Nitrate
Nitrate-free interval : need 10-12 hours each day
37
Name C-I : Nitrate (1)
Inhibiteurs de la phosphodiestérase-5 (PDE-5) (ex.:viagra) within 24h
38
What are the 5 types of diuretics?
* diurétiques thiazidiques * diurétiques de l'anse * épargneurs de potassium * diurétiques osmotiques * inhibiteurs de l'anhydrase carbonique.
39
Décrire méchanisme : Diurétiques de l'anse (5)
* Inhibe la réabsorption de Na et Ca * Agissant principalement sur le site : Anse ascendante de Henlé, tubules proximaux et tubules rénaux distaux * Effet natriurétique * Résultat final : Effet diurétique très puissant
40
Nommez exemples : Diurétiques de l'anse (2)
* Furosemide * Bumetanide
41
Name indications : Diurétiques de l'anse (2)
* Edema due to CHF * Ascites due to cirrhosis (Usually use with spironolactone)
42
Name adverse effects : Diurétiques de l'anse (6)
* Acute kidney injury (due to fluid loss) * Electrolyte loss * Ototoxicity * Angioedema * Urticaria * Gout (hyperuricemia)
43
Describe monitoring : Diurétiques de l'anse (5)
* Electrolyte impact : **Hypo - K, Na, Mg** * Monitor : K, Na, Mg, weight, fluid in/out
44
Describe caution : Diurétiques de l'anse (1)
Aggravation of hyperuricemia (gout)
45
Describe patietn advice : Diurétiques de l'anse (2)
* There will be increased urine output * 2nd dose before 6PM for toilet time before sleep
46
Décrire mécanisme : Diurétique Thiazide (4)
* Inhibe la réabsorption de Na * Agissant principalement sur le côté : Tubules distaux * Augmenter **l'excrétion de Na, K et d'eau** * Résultat final : effet diurétique modéré
47
Name class member : Diurétique Thiazide (1)
Hydrochlorothiazide
48
Name class member : Diurétique Thiazide (4)
* Hypertension * Calcium nephrolithiasis * Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus * Refractory edema
49
Name adverse effects : Diurétique Thiazide (4)
* Electrolyte disturbances * Gout (hyperuricemia) * Skin photosensitivity (risk on repeated use) * Myopia and acute angle-closure glaucoma (reversible)
50
Describe monitoring : Diurétique Thiazide (4)
* Hypo : K, Na, Mg * Hyper : Ca
51
Describe caution : Diurétique Thiazide (1)
Beware of sulfa allergy (cross reactivity)
52
Décire mécanisme : Diurétiques épargneurs de potassium (3)
* Inhiber le récepteur minéralocorticoïde * Agissant principalement sur le site : Tubules rénaux distaux * **Augmentation de l'excrétion de Na et d'eau, tout en préservant le niveau de K**
53
Name indications : Diurétiques épargneurs de potassium (2)
* Aldosteronism * Usually used with other diuretics to preserve K level (loop and thiazide both cause hypo-K)
54
Name adverse effects : Diurétiques épargneurs de potassium (4)
* **Gynecomastia** * **HyperK+** * Menstrual irregularities * Metabolic acidosis
55
Describe monitoring : Diurétiques épargneurs de potassium (4)
* Hypo : Na, Ca, Mg * Hyper : K
56
Describe C-I : Diurétiques épargneurs de potassium
Hyper K+ Risk increased when used with ACEI/ARB
57
Describe mechanism : Clopidogrel (3)
* Activer le bloc métabolite P2Y12 du récepteur ADP (irréversiblement) * Empêche l'activation du complexe récepteur GPIIb/IIIa * **Résultat final : réduire l'agrégation plaquettaire**
58
Name indications : Clopidorel (3)
* Post-syndrome coro aigu (peut être utilisé avec de l'aspirine ensemble comme bithérapie antiplaquettaire) * 2ème prévention des accidents vasculaires cérébraux, AIT et cardiopathie ischémique * Intolérance à l'aspirine
59
Name adverse effects : Clopidogrel (3)
* Saignement * Purpura thrombotique thrombotique * Troubles gastro-intestinaux
60
Describe caution with surgeries : Clopidogrel
Stop 5 days
61
Compare clopidogrel and aspirin (4)
Compare to aspirin : * Moins d'événements hémorragiques majeurs composites * Diminution du risque d'AVC ischémique aigu récurrent * Risque moindre d'événements cardiovasculaires composites * Diminution du risque d'hémorragie intracrânienne
62
Describe mechanism : Aspirin (3)
* Inhibe les enzymes COX-1 et 2 (de manière irréversible) * Diminution de la synthèse de TXA2 par les plaquettes * Résultat final : Réduire l'agrégation plaquettaire
63
Name indications : Aspirin (4)
* Acute MI * Unstable angina * 2nd prevention of stroke, TIA and IHD * Use as NSAID (in high dose)
64
Name adverse effects : Aspirin (5)
* GI ulcer (decreased prostaglandin) * Risk of bleeding * Decreased RFT * Dyspepsia * Abdominal pain
65
Name cautions for allergy : Aspirin
Allergy check : NSAID, salicylate
66
Name cautions for surgery : Aspirin
Stop 7-14 days
67
When to take aspirin?
Take with or after food
68
Name class members : Statin
-statin * Simvastatin * Atorvastatin * Rosuvastatin
69
Describe mechanism : Statin (6)
* Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase * Block the rate-limited step of cholesterol biosynthesis * Reduce intrahepatic cholesterol * Increase expression of LDL receptors * Stimulate of LDL catabolism * End result : Decrease LDL and
70
Name indications : Statin (2)
* 1st-line drug for hyperlipidemia (esp. for high LDL) * Prevention of artherosclerotic CV disease
71
Name adverse effects : Statin (4)
* Muscle-related effect (myopathy, rhabdomyolysis) * Hepatotoxycity (Increased AST-ALT) * GI upset * Proteinuria
72
Describe monitoring : Statin (2)
* Baseline monitorin : liver function test, Renal Function Test * If muscle ADR occurs : CK
73
Name C-I : Statin
Pregnancy
74
Name interaction : Statin (1)
Interaction with CYP3A4 inhibitox
75
76
Name patient advise : Statin (2)
* Take in evenin * Counsel on signs of muscle ADR
77
Name indications : Warfarin (2)
* 1st, 2nd prevention of stroke, ACS and VTE * Prevention of TE with prosthetic heart valves
78
Name adverse effect : Warfarin (6)
* Bleeding risk * Nephropathy * Vascular calficiation * Skin necrosis * Purple-toe syndrome * Abdominal pain
79
Describe mechanism : Warfarin (4)
* Inhibe la vitamine K époxyde réductase * Diminuer la conversion "active" de la vitamine K * Diminution de la formation de facteurs fonctionnels de coagulation 2,7,9,10, protéine C et protéine S * Résultat final : plus difficile à former un caillot sanguin
80
Describe monitoring : Warfarin (3)
* Narrow therapeutic index : monitor INR for efficacy * Target INR : usually 2-3 * Target 2.5 - 3.5 for mechanical aortic valve
81
Describe caution : Warfarin (4)
* Pregnancy * CYP2C9 inhibitor * Alcoholism interaction * Vit K food (advise stable intake)
82
Describe patient advice : Warfarin (2)
* Signes of bleeding ADR * Onset usually around 2-3 days
83
Name class members : Anticoagulants oraux directs (4)
Inhibiteur direct de la thrombine * Da**bi**gatran Inhibiteur direct de Xa * Api**xa**ban * Edo**xa**ban * Rivaro**xa**ban
84
Name indication : Anticoagulants oraux directs
2nd prevention of stroke or systemic embolism in AF
85
Name indication : Anticoagulants oraux directsName adverse effects (5)
* **Bleeding risk** * GI upset * Anaemia * Renal clearance * Deranged FLT and bilirubin
86
Describe mechanism : Inhibiteur direct de la thrombine (Anticoagulants oraux directs) (4)
* Inhibit both free and fibrin-bound thrombin * Prevent conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin * Prevent platelet aggregation * End result : Harder to form blood clot
87
Describe mechanism : Inhibiteur direct de Xa (Anticoagulants oraux directs) (3)
* Selectively inhibitt factor Xa * Block thrombin production * End reuslt : Harder to form blood clot
88
Name antidote for Dabigatran
Idarucizumab
89
Comparez Anticoagulants oraux directs et Warfarin (4)
* No need to monitor INR * No food interaction * Lower bleeding risk * Fixed-dose
90
Name patient advise : Anticoagulants oraux directs (2)
* Dabigatran : Swallow the whole capsule, do not open * Take with meal, may help with GI upset
91
Name class members : Heparin (2)
* Unfractionated Heparin * Enoxaparin
92
Name indications : Heparin (3)
* Prevention and tx of VTE * Prvention of ACS * Used for bridging between warfarin
93
Name adverse effects : Heparin (4)
* **Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia** * Risk of bleeding * Rversible alopecia * Osteoporosis
94
Describe mechanism : Heparin (4)
* Bind to anti-thrombin * Inactive factors IIa, IXa, Xa, XIa, XIIa and plasmin * Prevents conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin * End result : Result the formation of fibrin
95
Describe monitoring : Heparin (2)
* Renal function * aPTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)
96
Describe patient advise : Heparin (1)
Can be used for bridging warfarin gap in surgery in high risk patients
97
Name antidote : Heparin (1)
Protamine sulfate
98
Name indications : Amiodarone (2)
* Ventricular arythmia * Used as rate-control agent
99
Name adverse effects : Amiodarone (8)
* **Pulmonary toxicity ** * **Thyroid effects** (either hyper or hypo) * **Corneal microdeposits** * Bradycardia * Hypotension * Hepatotoxicity * Photosensitivity * Proarrhytmic effect
100
Describe mechanism : Amiodarone (4)
* Inhibits adrenergic stimulation * Block Na, Ca, K chennels * Prolong the action potential and refractory period in myocardial tissue * End result : Decreases AV conduction and sinus node function
101
Name C-I : Amiodarone (1)
Iodine
102
Describe monitoring : Amiodarone (5)
* Thyroid function test * Liver function test * Chest X-ray * Eye examination * Pulmonary function
102
103
Name indications : Digoxin (4)
* Heart failure (HFrEF) * Atrial fibrillation * Atrial flutter * Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia
104
Name adverse effect : Digoxin (5)
* Digoxin toxicity (visual disturbances halos, n-vo, lethargy, arrythmias) * Anorexia * Nightmares * Agitation * GI upset
105
Describe caution : Digoxin
TDM Draw serum level 12-24hours after a dose
106
Describe monitoring : Digoxin (4)
* Renal function test * Serum drug concentration (TDM) * K level (predispose digoxin toxicity) * Pulse rate (withhold if < 60 beats/min)
107