cardiovascular

Question 1

what is depolariation

Answer 1

electrical activation of the cell caused by sodium entering and potassium exiting the cell

Question 2

what is repolarization

Answer 2

cell at resting state caused by sodium exiting and potassium re-entering

Question 3

what is the effective refractory period

Answer 3

the phase where cells depolarize

Question 4

what is the relative refractory period?

Answer 4

the phase where the cell requires more than normal stimulus

Question 5

what is a cardiac cycle?

Answer 5

depends on the heart rate. Diastole, Atrial, and Ventricular systole

Question 6

what is cardiac output

Answer 6

amount of blood pumped by ventricles in liters per minute

Question 7

what is the cardiac output formula?

Answer 7

CO = SV x HR

Question 8

what is stroke volume

Answer 8

the amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat

Question 9

what is preload?

Answer 9

degree stretch of cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole.
the volume of blood going into the heart.

Question 10

what is afterload?

Answer 10

resistance of ejected blood from ventricles

Question 11

what is contractility?

Answer 11

the ability of a cardiac muscle to shorten in response to electrical impulse

Question 12

what is BP determined by?

Answer 12

determined by heart rate, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance

Question 13

why may a patient have hypotension?

Answer 13

heart muscles are damaged and unable to pump, severe fluid/blood loss, extreme stress on norepinephrine (the body can’t raise BP)

Question 14

what is left-sided heart failure?

Answer 14

heart muscles weaken -> ineffective heart pump->
Fluid backs up in the left ventricle into the lungs causing low output and affecting the kidneys

Question 15

what is right-sided heart failure?

Answer 15

poor pump goes into the body, nonoxygenated blood causes edema.

Question 16

what are the symptoms of left-sided heart failure

Answer 16

poor circulation, dry/wet cough, dysmetria, fluid in lungs (fine crackles) low O2. Lungs are drowning and can’t breathe underwater. Poor capillary refill. Low urine output. S3 gallop. Blood in sputum. Bounding pulse

Question 17

what are the symptoms of right-sided heart failure?

Answer 17

JVD, Bloating (abdomen), edema, weight gain, enlarged liver, bounding pulse

Question 18

what causes hypertension

Answer 18

Increases pressure caused by muscle contraction increases workload on the heart, and thickens heart muscle. Causes headaches

Question 19

what is perfusion?

Answer 19

blood circulation to an organ

Question 20

what is orthopnea?

Answer 20

inability to lay flat

Question 21

what are ace (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors

Answer 21

blocks angiotensin I conversion into angiotensin II. (blocks II on blood vessels) it lowers BP and the strain on the heart. (benazepril, lisinopril)

Question 22

what are the side effects of ACE?

Answer 22

dizziness, dry cough, hyperkalemia, vasodilation/ alteration of blood flow, angioedema

Question 23

what to assess for ACE?

Answer 23

BP

Question 24

what is an Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)?

Answer 24

binds selectively with the angiotensin II receptor in the vascular smooth muscle and adrenal cortex to block vasoconstriction and aldosterone release (decreases BP helps blood flow)

Question 25

what to assess for ARBS?

Answer 25

BP

Question 26

what are the side effects of ARBS?

Answer 26

Dizziness, low bp, hyperkalemia, angioedema,

Question 27

what are calcium channel blockers?

Answer 27

relax vessels by blocking calcium in the cells of the heart ( norvasc, verapamil)

Question 28

what are the side effects of channel blockers?

Answer 28

low bp, dizziness, headaches, facial flushing

Question 29

what to assess for channel blockers?

Answer 29

BP and apical pulse

Question 30

what are diuretics?

Answer 30

helps rid the body of water which reduces swelling and improves breathing

Question 31

what is furosemide?

Answer 31

potassium wasting, where water and potassium are rid of in the body. can lead to hypokalemia

Question 32

What is spironolactone?

Answer 32

potassium sparring, where potassium can be too much. lead to hyperkalemia

Question 33

what are the side effects of the diuretics

Answer 33

frequent urination, kidney issues, high or low digoxin levels. low or fast heart rates.

Question 34

what to assess for diuretics?

Answer 34

BP, labs,

Question 35

what patients to avoid giving beta blockers?

Answer 35

patients who are prone to hypoglycemia (diabetics) and respiratory problems.

Question 36

what are beta-adrenergic blockers?

Answer 36

blocks the sympathetic nervous system which slows fight/ flight and blocks stress hormones to lower BP.

Question 37

what to assess for beta-adrenergic blockers

Answer 37

check BP and apical pulse

Question 38

what are the side effects of beta-adrenergic blockers

Answer 38

low BP, dizziness, low HR, heart failure,

Question 39

what is cardiac glycoside?

Answer 39

digoxin (0.5-2) increases the force of heart contraction and slows irregular atrial contraction.

Question 40

what to assess for cardiac glycoside?

Answer 40

Apical pulse and labs

Question 41

what are the side effects of cardiac glycoside?

Answer 41

can lead to low HR, nausea, vomiting, vision

Question 42

what are antiplatelets?

Answer 42

help prevent blood clots by loosening platelets

Question 43

what are the side effects of antiplatelets?

Answer 43

can cause bleeding, heartburn, indigestion, headache

Question 44

what to assess for antiplatelets?

Answer 44

BP and labs

Question 45

what is the antidote for warfarin?

Answer 45

vitamin K

Question 46

what is the antidote for heparin?

Answer 46

protamine sulfate

Question 47

what are anticoagulants?

Answer 47

decrease clotting by decreasing platelets and altering clotting

Question 48

what are the side effects of anticoagulants?

Answer 48

bleeding, bruising, low platelets, Rash, stomach upset

Question 49

what is dehiscence?

Answer 49

the closed cut opens up again

Question 50

what is evisceration?

Answer 50

when the inside comes out of body

Question 51

what are the phases of a wound

Answer 51

hemostasis inflammatory proliferation maturation

Question 52

what is hemostasis?

Answer 52

immediate after injury the blood clots, pain, swelling, redness, and heat

Question 53

what is inflammatory?

Answer 53

WBC goes to the wound and macrophages stay. growth factors are released to attract fibroblast

Question 54

what is proliferation?

Answer 54

takes weeks long. New tissue built by fibroblasts and scar tissue created

Question 55

what is maturation?

Answer 55

after 3 weeks collagen is deposited and a white line is formed

Question 56

what is slough?

Answer 56

stringy yellow tissue must use an enzyme to eat it up

Question 57

what is Escher?

Answer 57

black tissue that must be cut out

Question 58

what are the types of wounds?

Answer 58

intentional (surgery) unintentional neuropathic vascular pressure-related open closed acute chronic partial/full/complex thickness

Question 59

what is desiccation?

Answer 59

dehydration

Question 60

what is maceration?

Answer 60

overhydration

Question 61

stages of a pressure injury?

Answer 61

stage 1: nonblanchable of intact skin stage 2: partial thickness skin loss and exposed dermis stage 3: full-thickness skin loss stage 4: full thickness and tissue loss