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Fundies > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Perfusion

A

Passage of fluid and oxygen thru circulatory system or lymphatic system to organs or tissues

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2
Q

Symptoms of poor peripheral perfusion

A

Sluggish, cold

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3
Q

Sx of poor central perfusion

A

Dizzy and confused

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4
Q

Cardiac output

A

Stroke volume X HR; amount of blood pumped out of by the heart in 1 minute

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5
Q

Stroke volume

A

Amt of blood pumped by the left ventricle with every beat

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6
Q

Factors that affect cardiac output

A

Changes in heart rate, how hard the heart contracts, myocardial contractility, meds, disease, activity

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7
Q

What happens when stroke volume decreases?

A

HR increases as a compensatory mechanism

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8
Q

Ejection fraction

A

% of blood pumped out of the L ventricle with each contraction; normally greater than 50

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9
Q

What does it mean when ejection fraction less than 40%

A

Heart failure; weak heart muscles

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10
Q

Blood pressure

A

Amount of force exerted by blood on the vessel walls; must be adequate to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest

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11
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Diastolic minus systolic (normally 1/3 of systolic BP)

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12
Q

Causes of high pulse pressure

A

Atherosclerosis, exercise

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13
Q

Causes of low pulse pressure

A

Severe heart failure, hypovolemia (low fluid)

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14
Q

Pulsus alternans

A

Regular rhythm but strength of pulse varies with each beat (ex: heart failure)

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15
Q

What to do in cardiac arrest?

A

CALL FOR HELP, then Compressions, Airway, Breathing

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16
Q

How to do CPR?

A

30:2 compressions to respirations with tilted chin; rate of 100-120 bpm with depth of at least 2 inches (allow proper recoil)

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17
Q

HTN and perfusion

A

HTN changes the makeup of the arteries, which causes adverse effects including increased peripheral vascular resistance

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18
Q

Peripheral vascular resistance

A

The amt of effort the heart has to overcome to get blood out to the periphery

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19
Q

What can happen if HTN is untreated?

A

Decreased blood flow and perfusion, heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, CVD, MI, PVD, retinal disease

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20
Q

Modifiable risk factors for HTN

A

DM, elevated serum lipids, excess sodium intake, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco use, alcohol use, stress

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21
Q

Nonmodifiable risk factors for HTN

A

Family, race, age, increasing age, gender, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea

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22
Q

HTN diagnosis

A

Average of at least 2 readings at subsequent HC visits above 120/80; might check with EKG

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23
Q

HTN sx

A

Dizzy, headache, heart palpitations, nosebleed, SOB, anger, red face, visual problems, fatigue, insomnia, increased temperature, sore knee and back (calcium levels)

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24
Q

Goal of HTN tx

A

Prevent further complications

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25
Q

HTN tx

A

Meds, control cholesterol, be more active, decrease blood sugar, decrease weight, smoking cessation, pt education; determine risk factors and assist with change, DASH diet

26
Q

Patient education for HTN

A

Do they have a BP cuff at home? Lifestyle mods, exercise, stress management, drug therapy. KNOW WHEN TO SEEK HCP

27
Q

When to seek immediate care for BP?

A

BP over 180/110; hypertensive crisis with SOB, chest pain, severe headache, dyspnea, dizzy, numb, loss of vision, speaking probs, nosebleed, severe anxiety, unresponsive

28
Q

Hypotension

A

Symptomatic and BP under 90; organs not getting enough perfusion, caused by arteries dilating which decreases blood volume and resistance, failure of heart to pump, heart dysrhythmias (pump too fast), pregnant, heat stroke, heart failure, dilation of BVs

29
Q

Hypotension sx

A

Confusion, clammy, lightheaded, blurred vision, increased HR, chest pain (angina), syncope, confusion, decreased urine output, nausea, vomit

30
Q

How to treat hypotension

A

Treat the cause; vasodilation with meds, give IVF for loss of blood volume, failure of heart to pump

31
Q

Nursing implementation of hypotension

A

Monitor VS, add salt, assess for sx, IVF and drink water, wear compression hose, meds

32
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

Prob with perfusion to brain; low blood volume, immobile, bed rest, old, pregnant; diagnosed by decrease in 20 of systolic or 10 in diastolic; measure BP laying, sitting, standing

33
Q

Nursing care for hypotension

A

Change position slowly, dec leg crossing, mobilize, balance rest and activity, isometric exercises (squeeze stress ball), compression hose, avoid standing for long times

34
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Excess lipids in blood (cholesterol and TGs)

35
Q

Lipids

A

Fat-like particles in blood cells

36
Q

Cholesterol

A

Waxy fat-like substance in all body cells

37
Q

Complications of Hyperlipidemia

A

Atherosclerosis and plaques, build up in arterial walls causing decreased elasticity and widening, CAV, PAD, MI, Heart attack risk, coronary peripheral artery disease

38
Q

HLD screening

A

Begin at age 20 and screen every 5 years; reassess risk factors at age 40; fast 9-12 hours before screening

39
Q

What should your lipid levels be?

A

Cholesterol under 200, LDL under 130, HDL over 45 in men and 55 in women

40
Q

Nursing care of HLD

A

Check, change, control cholesterol, active, healthy weight, limit smoke and alcohol, lipid lowering drugs, diet mods

41
Q

Diet mods for HLD

A

Decreased trans and saturated fat, more complex carbs and fiber, decreased major cholesterol sources (egg yolk, red meat, whole milk), less alcohol and sugar, eat fatty fish and high omega 3 (soybean, flax, walnuts)

42
Q

Venous thrombo embolism

A

Obstruction of a BV by a clot that has been dislodged in circulation

43
Q

Risk factors for VTE

A

Venous stasis, pregnancy, less mobile, surgery, thickened blood, contraceptives, endothelial damage, IVF or drugs, drug abuse, new IV, history of VTE or DVT, DM history, fractures or dislocations

44
Q

S/S of VTEs

A

Localized swelling, redness, tender over veins; warm, tender, firm calves, calf pain with ambulation

45
Q

DVT diagnosis

A

Early inspection won’t help, palpate legs and watch face; ultrasound to confirm

46
Q

VTE diagnosis

A

Obtain history, physical assessment, vascular ultrasounds,

47
Q

Nursing care for DVTs

A

Measure calves with tape for circumference, assess symptoms, tender and phlebitis check, early mobility, tedhose (check perfusion at toes) to promote venous return, SCDs, calf pumps

48
Q

Tx for VTEs

A

Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, IVC filters (intravenacava filter blocking clots)

49
Q

CBC

A

Complete blood count; drawn near daily in the hospital; gives hemoglobin and hematocrit

50
Q

Normal hemoglobin

A

F: 12-16; M: 14-18

51
Q

Normal hematocrit

A

% total blood volume made of RBCs; F: 37-47%; M: 42-52%

52
Q

Fasting lipid panel

A

Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TGs

53
Q

Chest X-ray

A

Shows fluid accumulation in the chest and heart size

54
Q

ECG/EKG

A

Gives snapshot of normal electrical conduction (sinus rhythm); beginning in SA node and sequence thru conduction wave

55
Q

Jugular venous distention

A

Swollen jugular vein; distended at 45 degrees, fluid volume excess

56
Q

Nursing assessment for CVD

A

Inspect, palpate, and auscultation, health history, VS and O2, skin, LOC, edema, peripheral pulses, calves for tenderness and phlebitis, JVD, S1 and S2, murmurs, clicks, rubs, 5Ps of feet

57
Q

5Ps of feet

A

Pallor, paralysis, pain, pulse, paresthesia

58
Q

Nursing care for CVD

A

Strict I and O, tele, O2 PRN, admin meds, monitor labs, implement heart healthy diet, limit stress, prevent thrombus formation, pt-centered plans, goal setting, smoke cessation, dec stress and alc, control HTN, HLD, DM, evaluate

59
Q

Afterload

A

The pressure the heart has to contract to eject blood

60
Q

Preload

A

Initial stretching of cardiac muscle prior to contraction

Fundies (8 decks)

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