Cardiovascular

Question 1

How are murmurs classified?

Answer 1

Graded on Levine Scale (based on acoustic stethoscope)

Grade 1- Very faint, often only heard with Valsalva
Grade 2-Quiet
Grade 3-Moderately loud
Grade 4-Loud with palpable thrill
Grade 5-Very loud with thrill, may be heard with stethoscope just above chest
Grade 6- Very loud with thrill, may be heard without stethoscope

Question 2

What are the cardiac causes of clubbing?

Answer 2

1) Cyanotic congenital heart disease
2) Endocarditis
3) Atrial Myxoma

Question 3

What would cause a systolic murmur?

Answer 3

1) Aortic/Pulmonary Stenosis (Crescendo/Decrescendo)
2) Mitral/Triscuspid Regurgitation (pansystolic)
3) Atrial Septal Defect

Question 4

What would cause a diastolic murmur?

Answer 4

1) Aortic/Pulmorany Regurgitation

2) Mitral/Triscuspid stenosis

Question 5

What would cause a continuous murmur?

Answer 5

1) PDA

2) Severe Coarctation of the aorta (3 phases)