Cardiovascular

Question 1

What class is Heparin?

Answer 1

Anticoagulant

Question 2

What class is Apresoline?

Answer 2

Vasodilator (antihypertensive)

Question 3

What class is Mevacor?

Answer 3

Antihypertensive

Question 4

What class is Plavix?

Answer 4

Platelet Inhibitor

Question 5

What class is Capoten?

Answer 5

ACE inhibitor

Question 6

What class is Lanoxin (dig)?

Answer 6

Cardiac Glycoside

Question 7

What class is Bumex?

Answer 7

Diuretic

Question 8

What is Bumex given for?

Answer 8

Edema

Question 9

What is digoxin given for?

Answer 9

Afib and heart failure

Question 10

What is Heparin given for?

Answer 10

Anticoagulation therapy

Question 11

What is Apresoline given for?

Answer 11

Hypertension

Question 12

What is Mevacor given for?

Answer 12

Coronary ateriosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia

Question 13

What is Plavix given for?

Answer 13

MI, CVA, and peripheral artery disease

Question 14

What is Capoten given for?

Answer 14

CHF, HTN, LV dysfunction (following MI) and diabetic neuropathy

Question 15

What is the normal Cardiac Output for an adult?

Answer 15

4-8 liters per minute

Question 16

How is cardiac index calculated?

Answer 16

Cardiac output divided by body surface area

Question 17

What is the range of normal cardiac index?

Answer 17

2.8-4.2

Question 18

What is preload?

Answer 18

The volume of blood that enters the ventricles at the end of diastole

Question 19

What is afterload?

Answer 19

Afterload is the peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle must pump

Question 20

What is cardiac reserve?

Answer 20

Cardiac reserve is the ability of the cardiovascular system to respond to stress, illness, exercise, etc and provide three or four times the cardiac output on demand

Question 21

Beta-Adrenergic receptors receive which two SNS hormones?

Answer 21

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Question 22

Stimulation of the Parasympathetic nervous system has what effect on the cardiac system?

Answer 22

Mediated by the vagus nerve, it causes a decrease in HR and BP

Question 23

Baroreceptors are located where?

Answer 23

In the aortic arch and the carotid sinus

Question 24

Baroreceptors do what?

Answer 24

They respond to stretch and send intel to the vasomotor center in the brain, which tells inhibits the SNS and tells the parasympathetic system to slow down HR and BP

Question 25

What is the name for increased arterial CO2?

Answer 25

Hypercapnia

Question 26

What is pulse pressure?

Answer 26

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures

Question 27

What MAP is needed to adequately perfuse the bodies organs?

Answer 27

A MAP greater than 60

Question 28

What would distended neck veins in a patient indicate?

Answer 28

Elevated right atrial pressure and/or right-sided heart failure

Question 29

What would central cyanosis indicate?

Answer 29

Inadequate arterial O2

Question 30

What would splinter hemorrhages indicate?

Answer 30

Infective endocarditis What causes

Question 31

What would clubbed fingernails mean?

Answer 31

COPD, long-term O2 insufficiency, or endocarditis

Question 32

What would color changes in the extremities with postural changes indicate?

Answer 32

Chronic decreased arterial perfusion

Question 33

What is a possible cause of ulcers in a pt?

Answer 33

Poor venous return, varicose veins, incompetent venous values, arteriosclerosis, or diabetes

Question 34

What causes varicose veins?

Answer 34

incompetent values in a vein

Question 35

What causes a bounding pulse?

Answer 35

hyperkinetic states (like anxiety or fever), anemia, or hyperthyroidism

Question 36

What causes a thready pulse?

Answer 36

blood loss, decreased cardiac output, aortic valve disease, peripheral artery disease

Question 37

What causes a thrill/bruit?

Answer 37

Aneurysm, aortic regurgitation, arteriovenous fistual

Question 38

What causes a displaced point of maximal impact?

Answer 38

left ventricular dilation

Question 39

What is S3?

Answer 39

"ventricular gallop"; a low-pitched extra heart sound heard in early diastole

Question 40

What is S4?

Answer 40

"atrial gallop"; a low-pitched extra heart sound heard in late diastole

Question 41

What causes a pericardial friction rub?

Answer 41

pericarditis

Question 42

What is CK-MB?

Answer 42

CK-MB is a cardiac isozyme that is released when myocardial tissue is injured.

Question 43

What CK-MB levels indicate MI?

Answer 43

Greater than 4-6%

Question 44

What time frame would you expect to see elevated CK-MB levels in (post MI)?

Answer 44

Serum levels rise within 4-6 hours after an MI

Question 45

What is the indicator of preference for MI?

Answer 45

Troponin

Question 46

What level of troponin T indicates cardiac damage?

Answer 46

Greater than 0.1%

Question 47

What level of troponin I indicates cardiac damage?

Answer 47

Less than 0.5 is normal, 0.5-2.3 is suspicious for injury, greater than 2.3 is conclusive for cardiac injury

Question 48

What is myoglobin?

Answer 48

A low-molecular-weight protein that is very sensitive to cardiac injury.

Question 49

What time frame does myoglobin operate on?

Answer 49

Serum concentrations rise within 30-60 minutes after MI

Question 50

What is C-reactive protein?

Answer 50

A marker of inflammation that can predict risk of cardiac disease and cardiac events

Question 51

What is a low-risk C-reactive protein?

Answer 51

less than 1

Question 52

What would a moderate risk C-reactive protein be?

Answer 52

1-3

Question 53

What would be a high risk C-reactive protein?

Answer 53

greater than 3