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Cardiovascular 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe Systemic Circulation

A

Blood from the heart is distributed around the whole body

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2
Q

Describe Pulmonary Circulation

A

Blood from the heart goes to the lungs then back to the heart

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3
Q

What do Blood vessels do

A

Transport blood around the body

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4
Q

What is the name of the 3 main types of Blood Vessels

A

Arteries, Veins and Capillaries

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5
Q

We have smaller blood vessels between the capillaries and arteries what are the names?

A

Arterioles, Venules

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6
Q

What do capillaries specialise in

A

Exchange of substances

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7
Q

Describe capillaries

A

They are single layer of endothelium (epithelial tissue) which allows for easy exchange of substances.

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8
Q

Arteries and Arterioles - answer the following

Located
Blood content
Pressure
Valves

A

Carries blood away from the heart
Oxygenated (except in pulmonary and umbilical arteries)
High pressure
No valves

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9
Q

Veins and Venules - answer the following

Located
Blood Content
Pressure
Valves

A

Carries blood towards the heart
Deoxygenated (except in pulmonary and umbilical veins)
Low
Has valves to prevent backflow

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10
Q

What are the 3 layers of the blood vessel structure called.

A

Tunica Intima
Tunica media
Tunica Externa

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11
Q

Describe the Tunica Intima

A

This is the innermost layer made of endothelium. It protects the vessel wall, it also secretes Nitric Oxide which is essential for vasodilation. If Nitric Oxide isn’t present our blood vessels will constrict. It is in direct contact with the blood so well positioned to monitor and respond to changes.

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12
Q

Describe Tunica Media

A

Layer of smooth muscle that controls blood vessel diameter

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13
Q

Describe Tunica Externa

A

Outermost layer made up of Collagen & Elastin

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14
Q

What can damage the Endothelium

A

Smoking, high sugar diet, imbalance of gut bacteria, inflammation, high blood pressure

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15
Q

What can happen when the Endothelium is damaged

A

It allows plaque formation which could lead to Atherosclerosis.

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16
Q

What do we need to produce Nitric Oxide

A

Vitamin D, C, COQ10 Arginine

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17
Q

What are Arteries and Arterioles responsible for

A

Regulating blood pressure

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18
Q

xxxxxxx and xxxxxx generally have thin walls. The xxxxxx xxxxxx is their thickest layer.

A

Veins
Venules
Tunica Externa

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19
Q

Arteries and xxxxxx have a xxxxxx Tunica xxxxx an hence are more muscular

A

Arterioles
thicker
media

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20
Q

Arteries are very muscular and have large portions of xxxxxx xxxxxx.
Why is this

A

Elastic Tissue - this is because of the high pressure of blood going around the body

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21
Q

In arteries xxxxx xxxxx xxxx innervate smooth muscle and cause xxxxxxxxx

A

Sympathetic nerve fibres
Vascoconstriction

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22
Q

What happens in arteries if sympathetic activity is reduced

A

Nitric Oxide is released which causes vascodilation

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22
Q

How does venous blood return to the heart

A

Skeletal muscle contraction aids return of venous blood to the heart.

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23
Q

What do valves in veins prevent

A

Backflow of blood

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24
What muscles support venous return and how?
Skeletal muscles contract and push blood up through the veins supporting venus return
25
What layer of cells do the capillaries have
One layer the endothelium Tunica Intima
26
Where do we find capillaries
Near every cell in the body. Tissues with a high metabolic demand have an extensive capillary network e.g heart and muscles
27
What substances are exchanged between capillaries
H2O O2 CO2 fats nutrients vitamins glucose proteins
28
What is the Key function of the cardiovascular system
To keep blood flowing through capillaries to allow exchange of substances
29
How is water exchanged in capillaries
Osmosis which is passive transport. Albumin assists with Osmotic pressure
30
How are nutrients exchanged in capillaries
Passive and Active Transport. Molecules such as glucose are transported using facilitated diffusion (passive)
31
How are gases O2 and CO2 exchanged in capillaries
Passive transport by diffusion
32
What is Hydrostatic pressure
Blood pressure pushing through capillaries where a bit of water seeps through the cell wall. We would then use Osmosis to get the balance right between the blood vessel and surrounding interstitial fluid.
33
What percentage blood do we have in the following Systemic veins/venules Systemic arteries/arterioles Pulmonary vessels Capillaries Heart
64% 13% 9% 7% 7%
34
Explain Portal Circulation and what is this system of blood flow called?
Venous blood passes from the digestive tract, spleen and pancreas (after nutrients are absorbed) directly to the liver using the portal vein. This system of blood flow is called the Hepatic first pass.
35
What blood vessels contain smooth muscle
All except capillaries
36
What nervous system stimulation causes vascoconstriction
Sympathetic nervous system increases blood pressure causing vascoconstriction
37
What does vascodilation do
reduces blood pressure
38
What are the 3 layers of the heart
Endocardium, Myocardium and pericardium
39
Describe the Endocardium
Endocardium is: The innermost layer Thin layer of Epithelium overlying a layer of connective tissue It Provides a smooth lining for the heart chambers and heart valves
40
Describe the Pericardium
Pericardium is: The outer layer It is a thin double layered membrane made up of Fibrous Pericardium (attaches the heart to the sternum and diaphragm, keeps it in place) and a inner Serous Pericardium Its function is to allow frictionless movement on contraction and keep heart in position within the thorax
41
Describe the Myocardium
Middle layer, thickest layer of the heart wall. Makes up 95% of the heart it is cardiac muscle that generates its own rhythm of contraction (autorhythmic) Function to pump blood out of the heart Highly metabolically active The Coronary artery delivers Oxygenated blood to the myocardium.
42
What arteries supply the myocardium with oxygenated blood
Left and right coronary arteries
43
What % of body weight does the myocardium account for?
1%
44
What % of the total body oxygen consumption does the myocardium consume?
10%
45
What respiration does the Cardiac muscle use?
Aerobic Can use lactic acid during exercise to produce small amounts of ATP
46
What can poor Oxygen delivery to the myocardium cause?
Cell death (necrosis)
47
What is the predominant fuel in cardiac muscle and what percentage?
Fatty acids 50-70% followed by glucose 30%
48
What mineral is at the core of ATP
Magnesium
49
How does deoxygenated blood travel through the heart?
1. Deoxygenated blood comes from the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava 2. Into the right atrium 3mm think 3. It pumps blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle (5mm) 4. the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve 5. Into the pulmonary trunk that divides into left and right pulmonary artery 6. Blood flows through the lungs and gas exchange takes place
50
How does Oxygenated blood travel through the heart
1. Oxygenated blood returns into the left atrium 3 mm thick via the pulmonary vein 2. Through the bicuspid/Mitral valve 3. Into the left ventricle 4. From the left ventricle blood is pumped through the aoritic valve to the aorta where to the thorox and abdominal areas. First branch of the aorta flows into the coronary arteries which carry blood to the heart wall.
51
What chambers of the heart are the receiving chambers? What do they do
Atria are the receiving chambers of the heart they receive venous blood and pump blood into the ventricles.
52
What are the atria separated by ?
Interatrial septum
53
What are the ventricles separated by?
Interventricular Septum
54
What is mean't by Hepatic first pass
Flow of blood from the digestive system to the liver via the Portal Vein
55
Name the 3 layers of the blood vessel wall
Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Externa
56
What type of blood vessel plays a key role in regulating blood pressure?
Arterioles
57
What vessel between the heart and lungs carries deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary Artery
58
Where is the pulmonary valve located
Between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
59
Which ventricle is thicker and why
Left Ventricle because it needs to pump blood around the whole body.
60
Does the left atrium contain Oxygenated or deoxygenated blood
Left side contains Oxygenated
61
In conduction of the heart what part to do we get ventricular contractions?
Purkinje Fibres
62
What is mean't by autorhythmic
Regulating own rhythm rate
63
What is mean't by systole? Does this represent the top of bottom number of blood pressure
Pressure that builds in the arteries when your heart beats. Represents the top number
64
What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on heart rate and contraction
It increases both
65
What are the functions of cholesterol
Brain health, production of vitamin D Oestrogen, testosterone cortisol
66
A Layer of the heart containing smooth muscle
Tunica Intima
67
Do veins carry blood away from the heart or towards the heart
Back to the heart
68
Which way do arteries carry blood
Away from the heart
69
In the hearts conductive system, the relay station is describing the ...
Atrioventricular Node (AV)
70
The following is NOT associated with chronic heart failure:
Breathlessness Loss of memory Oedema Heart failure
71
What influences heart contraction
Hormones, age, sex, body position exercise, stress and temperature
72
When can

Pathologies (6 decks)

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