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Pharmacology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

(113 cards)

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1
Q

The two synonyms for sinoatrial node

A

SA Node and Pacemaker

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2
Q

Chronotropic

A

Relating to the rate of contraction or beats per min.

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3
Q

Dromotropic

A

Relating to the rate of conduction of nerve impulses within the heart

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4
Q

Inotropic

A

Relating to the force of contraction/ how strong the muscle moves

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5
Q

Heart failure

A

pathologic state where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet demand of the body

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6
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction compared to the total amound of blood in the ventricle.

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7
Q

Pulmonary Congestion

A

Blood heading to the lungs is backed up in the pulmonary arteries

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8
Q

Systemic Venous Congestion

A

Increase in blood waiting to enter the right atrium and right ventricle caused by decreased right ventricle ejection fraction.

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9
Q

Cause of pulmonary congestion and systemic venous congestion

A

Each one is caused by decreased left or right ventricle ejection fraction

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10
Q

Positive Inotropic Drugs

A

drugs that improve the contraction of the ventricles

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11
Q

Inodilator

A

drugs that have a positive Inotropic response and cause vasodilation

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12
Q

The drug that is an anitdote for digoxin toxicity

A

Digoxin Immune Fab (Digibind)

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13
Q

Angina

A

Chest Pain due to the lack of oxygen in the heart muscle

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14
Q

Ischemia

A

Poor blood supply to an organ

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15
Q

Ischemia Heart Disease

A

poor blood suppy to the heart (#1 killer in the USA)

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16
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A type of arteriosclerosis caused by plaque build-up on the inner layer of arterties

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17
Q

Three classification of anti-angianl medication

A

1) Nitrates
2) Beta Blockers
3) Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)

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18
Q

How organic nitrates relieve Angina

A

decrease muscle tone so it relieves dilation of the muscles

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19
Q

Why Nitroglycerine is not taken orally

A

Because of the large first -pass effect

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20
Q

The special precaution when handling nitroglycerine

A

DO NOT Touch the medication

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21
Q

Four of the five routes/forms that nitroglycerine can be delivered

A

1) Sublingual Tablet-under the tongue
2) Sublingual Spray
3) Topical
4) IV
5) Transdermal Patch

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22
Q

The instructions on using nirtoglycerine as a sublingual tablet, Topical ointment, or Transdermal Patch

A

Tablet- is under the tongue
Ointment- is measured out amount, apply in non-hairy area, and above the diaphragm
Patch- 24hr period, remove at night, and apply above the diaphragm

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23
Q

How Beta Blockers relieve Angina

A

Relaxes the muscle so it won’t beat so much that it slows down the heart so beat so strong. With this won’t build up lactic acid

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24
Q

Sodium Pump

A

the membranes proteins which separate the charges by pumping Na+ and Ca+ outside the cell and K+ inside the cell

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25
Action Potential
Time between the initial impulse and repolarization
26
Fast Channel
Na+ Channels proteins which allows Na+ to move into the cell
27
Slow Channel
Ca+ Channels- proteins which allows Ca+ to move into the cell
28
the synonym for Sodium Pump
Na-K Atpase Pump
29
synonym for Action Potential
APD
30
synonym for Fast Channel
Na channels
31
synonym for slow channel
Ca channels
32
which ions go into the cell and which ion leaves the cell upon the start of an impulse
Movement of Na+ and Ca+ inside the cell and the K+ to the outside of the cell
33
Dysrhythmia
abnormal cardiac rhythms resulting from (MI) Heart Attack- Myocardial Infraction
34
Vaughn-Williams Classification
A method of classifying dysrhythmia based on primary mechanisms of the drug
35
Cinchonism
toxic levels of Quinidna can be caused by drinking grapefruit juice
36
The four major classifciations of medications used to treat anti-dysrythmia.
1) Sodium Channel Blockers (Fast Channel Blockers) 2) Beta Blockers 3) Drugs that Prolong Repolariztion(Postassium Channel Blockers) 4) Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)
37
The effect of beta blockers on the heart rate and the force contraction of the heart
The heart rate is decreased (chronotropic) Decreases of the heart beat which is the Inotropic, which decreased the workload of the heart, and thereby prevents sudden death after MI
38
Cardioselective beta blockers or non-selective beta blockers can be given to those with respiratory problems
Yes, because it does not affect the respiratory system | Appropriate for those with a history of repiratory problems
39
Synoym for diuretic
Water Pill
40
Afferent Arterioles
Take blood to the glomerulus
41
Efferent Arterioles
Take blood away from the glomerulus
42
Glomerulus
Performs Initial filtering
43
Nephron
Main structrual Unit
44
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Rate at which fluid leaves the glomerulus | 40 gallons a day but gets reabsorbed
45
Where Aldosterone and Antidiuretic Hormone come from
Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal Cortex | Antidiuretic Hormone is produced in the pituitary gland
46
Which part of the nephron reabsorbs the most water
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
47
The function of antidiurectic Hormone and Aldosterone
Aldosterone increase absorption of Na+ Ions Antidiurectic Hormone increase absorption of water Water follows Na+, so water is also absorbed
48
A list of six types of diuretics
1) Loop Diuretics (High Ceiling) 2) Osmotic Diurectics 3) Thiazides 4) Potassium Sparring Diutectics 5) Carbonic Anydrase Inhibitor 6) Most Common Diurectics
49
Classify Furosemide(Lasix) as one of the six types of diurectics
Loop Diurectics (High Ceiling Diurectics)
50
Where in the loop diurectic acts
In the Loop of Henle
51
How does potassium sparing diuretics work
Keeps potassium in the kidney
52
Which diuretic could cause hyperkalemia
Loop diuretics and thiazides
53
Which diuretic treats alkalosis
Carbonic Anydrase Inhibitors
54
Which diuretic treats cerebral edema from head trauma
Osmotic Diuretics
55
What time of day diuretics should be taken
In the morning
56
How long a patient will take diuretics once they have been prescribed
For Therapy is for lifelong | For now is just to flush out edema
57
Hypertension
Elevated blood pressure
58
Cardiac Output
Volume of blood output from the left ventricle
59
Systemic Vascular Resistance
Force the left ventricle has to overcome to pump its blood
60
Renin
In the kidneys
61
Angiotensin
In the lungs where it turns into Aniotension II to constrict arterioles
62
Aldosterone
Cause the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ or prevent the release of Na+ and water in blood
63
List of the six antihypertensive medications
1) Diurectics 2) Adrenergic Drugs 3) Vasodilators 4) Argiotensin Converting Enzyme 5) Angiotension II 6) Calcium Channel Blockers
64
Special precautions have to be taken when adminstering prazonin as a patients's first dose.
The patient should lay down and stay there with there first dose. It causes severe Orthostatic Hypotension
65
Translate ACE Inhibitor
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
66
The ending of the generic drug names for the Beta Blockers, Ace Inhibitors and the Angiotension II Receptor Blockers.
"PRILS"
67
What chemical ACE Inhibitors directly prevent
Inhibits the Angiotension Converting Enzyme
68
Edema
Water Gain, extra fluid around the cells, over hydration
69
Dehydration
Water loss, water deficit
70
Colloid oncotic pressure
osmotic pressure exerted by a colloid in solution
71
Crystalloids
Substances in a solution that can pass through a semipermeable membrane
72
Colloids
substances in a solution that cannot pass through a semipermeable membrane, yet do not settle out
73
List of the three types of medications used to treat fluid disorders.
1) Crystalloids 2) Colloids 3) Blood and Blood products
74
State the percentage of normal saline and what is half
0.9% the half is 0.45%
75
State the meaning of the letters D&W in D5W
Sugar 5% dextrose in water
76
Hyperkalemia
due to hyperaldosteron, potassium sparing diurectics. High levels of potassium in the blood
77
Hypokalemia
Low potassium levels in the blood
78
Hyponatremia
due to excessive low sodium levels in the blood
79
Hypernatremia
high sodium levels in the blood
80
When an IV bolus or undiluted potassium solution should be given to a patient
NEVER, give as an IV Bolus or undiluted or IV push
81
Thrombus
Blood clot
82
Embolus
moving blood clots
83
Anti-Coagulants
Drugs that inhibit the action or formation of clotting factors
84
What is the test used to determine clotting time for heparin
aPTT or APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)
85
The antidote for heparin
Protamine Sulfate
86
An example of the low molecular weight heparins
Enoxaparin(Lovenox) | Deltaparin(Fragmin)
87
The advantage of enoxaparin (Lovenox) over heparin
It is predictable and don't have to have testing done, more expensive
88
The tests that are used to determine clotting time for warfin(Coumadin)
International Normalized Ratio (INR) | more common, accounts for differences in chemicals
89
What patients on anti-coagulants have to prevent and watch for.
Signs for bleeding
90
Which analgisics can be taken for minor pain and which ones cannot
AVOID Ibuprofen or Aspirin | Tylenol can be taken
91
Why a patient would be taking baby aspirin prophylactically.
For those that had a thrombus or embolus or at a risk of having one
92
Which specific medication is recommended for those who need a platelet, yet cannot take aspirin
Cyclooxyagenase Inhibitior
93
The synonym for Thrombolytics
CLOT BUSTERS
94
Thrombolytic
the only medication that dissolves clots
95
Anti-Fibrinolytic
Something that is the opposite of a fiber breaker, drugs that promote clot formation
96
Recognize the risk of using a thrombolytic
risk or bleeding also decreasing blood pressure
97
Recognize when a anti-fibrionolytic would be used
Used to control excessive bleeding
98
Lipids
Non-water soluble compounds in the body
99
Triglycerides
Fats and oils- lipids made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids
100
cholesterol
a lipid made of a 4 ring framework and is used to produce steroid hormones and bile salts
101
Lipoproteins
protein and lipid compound
102
Anti-Lipidemic Drugs
medications used to control triglycerides and cholesterol levels in the blood
103
Phenotyping
determines drug of choice by analyzing the blood lipid levels
104
Where in the cell cholesterol is found
In the cell membrane
105
What compounds the body can make from cholesterol
chol=bile + steroids= solid + -ol = alcohol
106
The two sources of cholesterol
LDL and HDL Low Density Lipiproteins(bad one) High Density Lipiproteins (Good ones)
107
How cholesterol is removed from the body
Excreted by the liver in the form of bile salts
108
the primary treatment and the adjuunct treatment of high cholesterol
Primary treatments is diet and exercise | Adjunct treatment is medication
109
The most serious side effect of anti-lipemic drugs
Liver damage
110
A list of the six anti-lipemics
1) Bile Acid Sequestrates (Binding Drugs) 2) Fibric Acid Derivatives (Fibrates) 3) Niacin 4) Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors 5) HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Stating) 6) Garlic
111
The synonym for HMB-CoA Reducatse Inhibitors
Statins
112
Rhabdomyolysis
caused by chemicals or physical trauma or excessive exercise
113
What food or beverage interacts with statins
Grapefruit juice interacts with statins

Pharmacology (10 decks)

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