Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AANP FNP: Adult > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the sound of S2?

A

The sound of the semilunar valves (aortic/pulmonic) closing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

S3 heart sound

A

“Ken-tuck-y”

Increased fluid states: pregnancy, CHF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

S4 heart sound

A

“Ten-nes-see”
Stiff ventricular wall
(HTN, MI, young athletes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Grading of murmurs

A 
1- barely audible
2- faint but audible
3- easily heard
4- associated with a thrill
5- heard with one corner of stethoscope off the chest
6- loudest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name that murmur: diastolic, 5th intercostal space

A

mitral stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name that murmur: systolic, 5th intercostal space

A

mitral regurgitation (also known as mitral valve prolapse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name that murmur: 2nd intercostal space radiating to neck, systolic

A

aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name that murmur: diastolic, 2nd ICS

A

aortic regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What side heart failure is acute heart failure?

A

Left sided heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What side heart failure is chronic heart failure?

A

Right sided heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Symptoms of left sided heart failure

A

Acute
dyspnea
crackles
frothy cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Symptoms of right sided heart failure

A

Chronic
Jugular vein distention
Edema
fatigue on exertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most common cause of right sided heart failure?

A
  • Left side heart failure

- Cor pulmonale (result of pulmonary hypertension)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Management of heart failure

A
  1. Lifestyle- low sodium, rest/activity balance, weight loss

2. Medications- ACE inhibitors, diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

New York Heart Association Functional Classifications of Heart Failure

A

I- no activity limitations
II- slight activity limitations, comfortable at rest
III- marked activity limitations, comfortable at rest
IV- severe activity limitations, symptoms while at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of headache may hypertension cause?

A

Suboccipital pulsating headache, occurring early in the morning and resolving throughout the day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some s/sx of hypertension, if any occur?

A

headache
dizziness/lightheadedness
epistaxis (worse in afternoon)
S4 heart sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What tests could you do for new hypertension to rule out secondary cause?

A

Renal studies
Chest x-ray (if cardiomegaly is suspected)
Plasma aldosterone level (to rule out aldosteronism)
AM/PM cortisol levels (to rule out Cushing’s)
EKG
Labs: UA, CBC, BMP, Lipid panel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is normal BP according to JNC 7?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is prehypertension according to JNC 7?

A

120-139/80-89

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is stage 1 hypertension according to JNC 7?

A

140-159/90-99

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is stage 2 hypertension according to JNC 7?

A

≥ 160/≥100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When do you start treating hypertension according to JNC 8?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What antihypertensives are recommended for non-African-American patients?

A

Thiazide diuretics
Calcium Channel blockers
ACE/ARB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What antihypertensives are recommended for African Americans?
Thiazide diuretics | Calcium channel blockers
26
What antihypertensives are recommended for adults with chronic kidney disease?
ACE/ARB regardless of race or other medical conditions
27
How long do you wait to reassess hypertension after new intervention?
One month, and continue to assess monthly until goal is reached
28
What two types of antihypertensive drug can you not use together?
ACE and ARB
29
At what point do you refer for hypertension?
If it requires 3 or more drugs to manage
30
MOA of thiazide diuretics? Special considerations?
increase excretion of sodium and water screen for sulfa allergy before administering can decrease potassium
31
MOA of ACE inhibitors? Special considerations?
cause vasodilation, block sodium and water retention do not use with renal artery stenosis contraindicated in pregnancy may cause dry cough, angioedema
32
MOA of ARBs? Special considerations?
cause vasodilation and block sodium and water retention reserved for patients intolerant to ACE inhibitors contraindicated in pregnancy
33
What is the sound of S1?
Sound of the AV valves closing (mitral, tricuspid)
34
MOA of beta blockers? Special considerations?
directly relax the heart monitor heart rate may cause fatigue
35
MOA of peripheral alpha-1 antagonists? Examples of meds? Special considerations?
cause vasodilation examples: prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin take at bedtime, may cause orthostasis
36
MOA of central alpha-2 antagonists? Examples? Special considerations?
prevent vasoconstriction, cause vasodilation, slow the heart rate Examples: clonidine, methyldopa do not discontinue abruptly
37
MOA of arterial vasodilators? Examples? Special considerations?
directly relax the vascular smooth muscle resulting in arterial dilation Examples: hydralazine reduce frequency in renal dysfunction may cause reflex tachycardia
38
MOA of renin inhibitors? Examples? Special considerations?
inhibits renin, which inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to II Examples: aliskiren (Tekturna) expensive teratogenic
39
Hypertensive urgency
≥180/110 may or may not be symptomatic treat with oral clonidine
40
Hypertensive emergency
≥180/120 require decrease in BP within 1 hour examples: malignant hypertension, hypertensive encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, unstable angina, acute MI, dissecting aortic aneurysm, eclampsia Tx: refer to ER/ICU
41
What does dissecting aortic aneurysm present with?
Back pain | BP different on right and left sides
42
Stable angina
Exertional, subsides with rest
43
Prinzmetal's angina (variant angina)
caused by coronary vasospasm | causes ST elevation, typically find out diagnosis in cath lab
44
Unstable angina
MI/ACS, pre-infarction | not relieved with rest
45
Microvascular angina
related to Metabolic Syndrome
46
Levine's sign
"clenched fist sign" 90 percent diagnostic for angina "Feel like something is squeezing my chest"
47
Dx for angina
EKG Exercise EKG/stress test Check lipid panel
48
Normal lipid panel values
Cholesterol:
49
What is a lipid panel value that is a NEGATIVE cardiac risk factor?
HDL ≥ 62
50
Management of hyperlipidemia/angina/cardiac risk
Low fat diet Baby ASA daily Statin if indicated by ASCVD (esp. diabetics, smokers)
51
What are the "strongest" and "weakest" statins?
Strongest: atorvastatin, rosuvastatin Weakest: pravastatin, fluvastatin
52
How much does LDL decrease on average with high-intensity statin therapy?
greater than 50 percent
53
How much does LDL decrease on average with moderate intensity statins?
30-50 percent
54
How much does LDL decrease on average with low-intensity statin therapy?
Less than 30 percent
55
What to do if high-dose statin therapy is not enough to get patient within goal?
1. Add Niacin | 2. Add fenofibrate (like gemfibrozil)
56
Examples of bile acid sequestrants? What do they lower?
Mostly LDL; may increase triglycerides | Examples: cholestyramine, colesevelam (Welchol), colestipol
57
Examples of fibrates? What do they lower?
Decrease triglycerides, slightly lower LDL, possibly increase HDL Examples: gemfibrozil, fenofibrate
58
Examples of cholesterol absorption inhibitor? What do they lower?
Used in conjunction with statin to lower LDL | Example: ezetimibe
59
What does niacin lower?
LDL and triglycerides, and increases HDL
60
What causes MI/ACS?
"clot on plaque"
61
Diagnosis of MI/ACS?
EKG- up to 30 percent without any initial EKG changes Peaked T waves, ST elevation, Q wave development Cardiac enzyme- elevations within 4 to 6 hours and remain high for 3 days to 3 weeks
62
Which EKG leads indicate lateral MI?
I, aVL
63
What EKG leads indicate inferior MI?
II, III, aVF
64
What EKG leads indicate anterior MI?
V leads (precordial) or V3 and V4
65
Treatment of acute MI?
Activate EMS, then... 1. Aspirin 325mg 2. Nitroglycerin 3. Oxygen
66
Which cardiac markers are true to cardiac problem only?
TNI and CKMB
67
INR normal
0.8 to 1.2
68
APTT normal
28 to 38 seconds
69
PT normal
11-16 seconds
70
PTT
60 to 90
71
Indications for TPA for MI
Unrelieved chest pain >30 minutes and
72
Risk factors for DVT
``` immobility female post operative period use of oral contraceptives (especially with smokers) clotting disorder ```
73
Signs and symptoms DVT
Pain especially while walking Dull ache or "tight" feeling Edema, skin may be cool to touch
74
Diagnosis and management of DVT
Ultrasound, D Dimer, Venography | Tx: Bed rest 7-14 days, Lovenox 1mg/kg every 12 hours, Coumadin therapy for 12 weeks, referral
75
Peripheral vascular disease: symptoms
arterial disease Sx: claudication, cold/numb extremities, shiny/hairless skin, dependent rubor and pallor with elevation, ulcerations, reduced pulses
76
PVD: Diagnosis, management
Dx: Doppler US, ABI, arteriography Tx: Stop smoking, exercise (to grown collateral circulation), weight loss, angioplasty, bypass surgery, amputation Meds: pentoxifylline or cilostazol (Trental/pletal)
77
Chronic venous insufficiency: symptoms
venous disease Sx: women > men, history of leg trauma, varicose veins, aching of BLE alleviated by elevation of legs, edema with prolonged standing, night cramps of BLE, brownish discoloration, ulcers, edema, dermatitis, cool to touch
78
Chronic venous insufficiency: Diagnosis and management
Dx: rule out other causes of edema Tx: elevate legs, TEDS stockings, weight loss
79
Treatment of acute weeping dermatitis
Wet compresses | 0.5% hydrocortisone cream after compresses

AANP FNP: Adult (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions