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Cardiovascular Flashcards

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1
Q

Pulsus parvus et tardus. Spot diagnosa?

A 
Aortic stenosis
(weak and delayed pulses)
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2
Q

Eðlileg lengd PR?

A

120-200

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3
Q

Eðlileg lengd QRS?

A

<120

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4
Q

Eðlileg lengd QTc?

A

<440

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5
Q

Pulsus paradoxus. Hvað og diagnosur?

A 
Lægri BÞ með innöndun 
- fall um >10mmHg on inspiration
Tamponade (etv vegna pericarditis)
Obstructive pulmonary disease
Tension pneumo
Foreign body in airway
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6
Q

Pulsus alternans. Diagnosa?

A

Tamponade
Impaired left ventricular systolic function
Poor prognosis

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7
Q

S3, hvers vegna?

A

Fluid overload

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8
Q

S4, hvers vegna?

A

Decreased compliance (hypertension, diastolic dysfunction)

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9
Q

Kussmaul sign?

A

Aukinn JVP með innöndun

tamponade eða constrictive pericarditis

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10
Q

Sick-sinus syndrome?

A

Intermittent SVT og bradyarrythmiur

Algengasta ástæða pacemaker

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11
Q

Multifocal atrial tachycardia. Skilgreining?

A

amk 3 mismunandi P-wave morphologies

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12
Q

Hver er algengasta orsök hægri hjartabilunar?

A

Vinstri hjartabilun

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13
Q

Meðferð við Torsades de Pointes?

A

Magnesium + cardiovert if unstable

Correct hypokalemia og sjá hvort drug induced

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14
Q

Wolf-Parkinson-White. Charactheristic?

A

Delta wave

= flatt upp að R takka í QRS

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15
Q

Systolic dysfunction. Fyrsta einkenni oftast?

A

mæði við áreynslu

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16
Q

Algengasta cardiomyopathian?

A

Dilated

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17
Q

Greiningarskilmerki dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

left ventricular dilation

minnkað EF

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18
Q

Mögulegar orsakir dilated cardiomyopathy?

A 
Idiopathic
Ischemia
Long standing hypertension
Alcohol
Myocarditis
Postpartum status
Drugs (doxorubicin, cocaine ofl)
Endocrinopathy
Infection (coxsachie, HIV, Chagas, parasites)
Genetics
Nutritional (wet beriberi)
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19
Q

S3. Hvers vegna?

A

Rapid ventricular filling in fluid overload

Dilated cardiomyopathy

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20
Q

S4. Hvers vegna?

A

Stiff, noncompliant ventricle + aukið “atrial kick”

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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21
Q

Algengasta orsök dauða hjá ungum, hraustum íþróttamönnum í USA?

A

Hyperthrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

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22
Q

Helstu orsakir hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

HOCM - autosomal dominant
Hypertension
Aortic stenosis

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23
Q

Key finding í hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Systolic ejection crescendo-decrescendo murmur sem eykst við minnkað preload (valsalva, standing)

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24
Q

Meðferð við hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

betablokkar sem einkennameðferð
og second-line er CCB
etv skurðaðgerðir

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25
Orsakir restrictive cardiomyopathy?
``` Infiltrative disease (sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, amyloidosis) Scarring + fibrosis vegna geislunar ```
26
Hvað sést oft á EKG í restrictive cardiomyopathy?
LBBB
27
Major risk factors for CAD?
``` Age Male gender Dyslipidemia HTN family history Smoking DM Abdominal Obesity ```
28
Prinzmetal angina er hvað?
Angina pectoris vegna vasospasm of coronary vessels Ungar konur snemma á morgnana í hvíld ST-hækkanir án hækkana á ensímum
29
Chronic stable angina meðferð?
ASA, betablokkar, nitro
30
Unstable angina / NSTEMI meðferð?
``` ASA O2 nitro morfín etv betablokker heparin ef TIMI 3 eða hærra, troponin hækkun, ST >1mm ```
31
STEMI. Hvað er best predictor of survival?
Left ventricular EF
32
ECG í posterior wall infarct?
ST lækkanir | Dominant R-waves í V1-V2
33
ECG breytingar sequence í STEMI?
``` Peaked T ST hækkanir Q wave T inversion ST normaliserast T normaliserast ```
34
Hvað getur Troponin I verið lengi að hæakk í kjölfar anginu?
6 tíma
35
Inferior infarct. Hvaða æðar?
RCA (right coronary) | PDA (posterior descending)
36
Anterior infarct. Hvaða æðar?
LAD (left anterior descending) | Diagonal
37
Lateral infarct. Hvaða æðar?
LCA (left coronary)
38
Inferior infarct. ST hækkanir hvar?
II, III, aVF
39
Anterior infarct. ST hækkanir hvar?
V1-V4
40
Lateral infarct. ST hækkanir hvar?
I, aVL, V5-V6
41
Posterior infarct. ST hækkanir hvar?
Hvergi | Lækkanir etv í V1-V2
42
STEMI meðferð.
ASA, clopidogrel, nitro, O2, morfín, betablokk
43
Hvenær á maður að forðast nítröt í MI?
Inferior wall | veldur severe hypotension
44
Hvenær á að gefa thrombolysu í STEMI frekar en PCI?
Ef <3 tímar frá onset anginu og kemst ekki í PCI <90 mín
45
Hvað er dressler syndrome? Hvenær og einkenni?
Autoimmune process 2-10 vikum post MI Hiti, pericarditis, pleural effusion, leukocytosis, hækkað sökk
46
Secondary orsakir hypertension?
``` CHAPS Cushing sx Hyperaldosteronism Aortic coarctation Pheochromocytoma Stenosis of renal arteries ```
47
Munur á hypertensive urgency og emergency?
Urgency: hækkaður BÞ og væg einkenni Emergency: einkenni og teikn um impending end-organ damage
48
Meðferð við hypertensive emergency?
IV lyf | Lækka BÞ um 25% á 2 klst.
49
Conn sx. Hvað og triad?
Hyperaldosteronism | Triad: HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
50
Causes of pericarditis?
``` CARDIAC RIND Collagen vascular disease Aortic dissection Radiation Drugs Infections Acute renal injury (uremia) Cardiac (MI) Rheumatic disease Injury Neoplasm Dressler sx ```
51
Pericarditis EKG?
Dreifðar ST hækkanir PR lækkanir T inversionir
52
Pericarditis helstu ddx?
Pneumonia | MI
53
Tamponade triad?
Beck hypotension distant heart sounds JVD
54
Tamponade, hjarta á CXR?
water-bottle-shaped etv
55
Aortic stenosis. Einkenni?
``` ACS: - angina - CHF - syncope + pulsus parvus et tardus ```
56
Aortic regurgitation. Teikn?
Blowing diastolic murmur | Widened pulse pressure
57
Helstu orsakir mitral valve regurgitation?
Rheumatic fever Chordae tendinea rupture after MI Infective endocarditis
58
Aortic aneurysm tengist helst?
Atherosclerosis
59
Aortic dissection tengist helst?
HTN
60
Aortic dissection. Oftast hvar?
Above the aortic valve and distal to subclavian
61
Deep venous thrombosis. Risk factor triad?
Virchows triad Hemostasis Endothelial trauma Hypercoagulable states
62
Homans sign?
calf tenderness with passive foot dorsiflexion | DVT en poor sensitivity and specificity
63
6Ps of acute ischemia?
``` Pain Pallour Paralysis Pulselessness Paresthesias Poikilothermia ```

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