Cardiovascular

Question 1

Gives rise to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

Answer 1

Truncus Arteriosus

Question 2

Gives rise to smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles

Answer 2

Conus Cordis (of Bulbus Cordis)

Question 3

Gives rise to the atrial septum, membranous ventricular septum, and AV and semilunar valves

Answer 3

Endocardial Cushions

Question 4

Gives rise to the trabeculated part of the left and right atria

Answer 4

Primitive atrium

Question 5

Gives rise to the trabeculated part of the left and right ventricles

Answer 5

Primitive ventricle

Question 6

Gives rise to the smooth part of the left atrium

Answer 6

Primitive pulmonary vein

Question 7

Gives rise to the coronary sinus

Answer 7

Left horn of sinus venosus

Question 8

Gives rise to the smooth part of the right atrium (sinus venarum)

Answer 8

Right horn of sinus venosus

Question 9

Gives rise to the superior vena cava

Answer 9

Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

Question 10

The first functional organ in vertebrate embryos and beats spontaneously by week 4 of development

Answer 10

Heart

Question 11

The primary heart tube loops to establish left-right polarity. This begins in

Answer 11

Week 4 of gestation

Question 12

Defects in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to

-as seen in Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary diskinesia)

Answer 12

Dextrocardia

Question 13

To separate the chambers, septum primum begins growing towards the

Answer 13

Endocardial cushions

Question 14

Forms before foramen primum fully closes to keep the right to left connection between atria established prenatally

Answer 14

Foramen secundum

Question 15

Develops as foramen secundum maintains left to right shunt

Answer 15

Septum secundum

Question 16

Expands and covers most of the rest of foramen secundum

Answer 16

Septum secundum

Question 17

The opening formed by septum primum bending away from septum secundum under the prenatal right to left pressure gradient

Answer 17

Foramen Ovale

Question 18

Caused by a failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth

-most are left untreated

Answer 18

Patent foramen ovale

Question 19

CPatent foramen ovale can lead to a venous thromboemboli that enters systemic arterial circulation. These are called

-Similar to those developed in ASD

Answer 19

Paradoxical emboli

Question 20

The muscular interventricular septum forms. The remaining opening between ventricles is called the

Answer 20

Interventricular foramen

Question 21

Rotates and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form the membranous interventricular septum, effectively closing the interventricular foramen

Answer 21

Aorticopulmonary septum

Question 22

Separates atria form ventricles and contributes to both atrial septation and membranous portion of the interventricular septum

Answer 22

Growth of endocardial cushions

Question 23

What are three conotruncal abnormalities that are associated with failure of neural crest cells to migrate?

Answer 23

1. ) Transposition of the great vessels
2. ) Tetralogy of Falot
3. ) Persistent truncus arteriosus

Question 24

Derived from endocardial cushions of the outflow tract

Answer 24

Aortic/pulmonary valves

Question 25

Derived from fused endocardial cushions of the AV canal

Answer 25

Mitral and tricuspid valves

Question 26

May be stenotic, regurgitant, atretic (ex. tricuspid atresia), or displaced (ex. Ebstein anomaly)

Answer 26

Valvular anomalies

Question 27

In the fetus. Blood in the umbilical vein has a 1. ) PO2 of? 2. ) O2 saturation of?

Answer 27

1. ) 30mmHg | 2. ) 80%

Question 28

Have low O2 saturation

Answer 28

Umbilical arteries

Question 29

Blood entering the fetus through the umbilical vein is conducted into the IVC, bypassing hepatic circulation, by the

Answer 29

Ductus Venosus

Question 30

Most of the highly oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is directed through the

Answer 30

Foramen ovale

Question 31

What is the path of deoxygenated blood from the SVC?

Answer 31

SVC --> RA --> RV --> main pulmonary artery --> patent ductus arteriosus --> descending aorta

Question 32

Due to the high fetal pulmonary artery resistance (due partly to low O2 tension)

Answer 32

Shunting of blood through ductus arteriosus

Question 33

At birth, the infant takes a breath which decreases resistance in pulmonary vasculature and increases left atrial pressure thus closing the

Answer 33

Foramen ovale

Question 34

What is the result of increased O2 and decreased prostaglandins in the infant?

Answer 34

Closure of ductus arteriosus

Question 35

Helps to close a patent ductus arteriosus and form the ligamentum arteriosum by decreasing prostaglandin levels

Answer 35

Indomethacin

Question 36

Help to kEEp a patent ductus arteriosus open

Answer 36

Prostaglandins E1 and E2

Question 37

The fetal allantois and urachus are obliterated and become the

Answer 37

Median umbilical ligament

Question 38

After birth, the ductus arteriosus becomes the

Answer 38

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 39

After birth, the ductus venosus becomes the

Answer 39

Ligamentum venosum

Question 40

After birth, the foramen ovale becomes the

Answer 40

Fossa ovalis

Question 41

The prenatal notochord becomes the postnatal

Answer 41

Nucleus pulposus

Question 42

After birth, the umbilical arteries are obliterated and become the

Answer 42

Medial umbilical ligament

Question 43

After birth, the umbilical vein is obliterated and becomes the

Answer 43

Ligamentum teres hepatis

Question 44

The SA and AV nodes are typically supplied by the

Answer 44

RCA

Question 45

An infart may cause nodal dysfunction such as

Answer 45

Bradycardia or heart block

Question 46

When the posterior descending artery (PDA) develops from the right coronary artery (RCA)

Answer 46

Right dominant circulation (85%)

Question 47

When the LAD artery arises from the left circumflex artery (LCX)

Answer 47

Left dominant circulation (8%)

Question 48

When the PDA arieses from the RCA and LCX

Answer 48

Co-dominant circulation (7%)

Question 49

Coronary artery occlusions most commonly occurs in the

Answer 49

LAD

Question 50

Coronary blood flow peaks in early

Answer 50

Diastole

Question 51

The most posterior portion of the heart is the left atrium, and enlargement of the left atrium can cause

Answer 51

Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) due to compression of the esophagus

Question 52

Enlargement of the left atrium can also cause hoarseness due to compression of the

Answer 52

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of left vagus)

Question 53

From outer to inner, what are the three levels of the pericardium?

Answer 53

Fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, and visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 54

Lies between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium

Answer 54

Pericardial cavity